Early adolescents exposed to violence: Hope and vulnerability to victimization.

American Journal of OrthopsychiatryPublished 1 January 1996

Mary D. Hinton-Nelson, Michael C. Roberts, C. R. Snyder

DOI10.1037/h0080185

Source URL

Citations78

SJR quartileQ1

SJR score1.07

SNIP1.01

TL;DR

The highest levels of hope were reported by those who had witnessed violence but not experienced it personally; those with the greatest exposure to violence predicted their own death would be violent.

Abstract

Eighty-nine early adolescents were measured for perceptions of hope, exposure to violence, and perceived vulnerability to victimization. Results showed the presence of high hope, together with a high degree of exposure to violence. The adolescents were about equally divided regarding the nature of their own death, while most predicted a violent death for the "average American." The highest levels of hope were reported by those who had witnessed violence but not experienced it personally; those with the greatest exposure to violence predicted their own death would be violent.

Keywords

PsychologySocial Sciences

Journal of Personality and Social PsychologyUnrealistic optimism about future life events.

4,826 Citations1980Neil D. Weinstein

Journal of Personality and Social PsychologyDevelopment and validation of the State Hope Scale.

3,387 Citations1996C. R. Snyder, Susie C. Sympson +4 more

The present 4 studies were designed to develop and validate a measure of state hope and offer a brief, internally consistent, and valid self-report measure of ongoing goal-directed thinking that may be useful to researchers and applied professionals.

PsychiatryThe Nimh Community Violence Project: I. Children as Victims of and Witnesses to Violence

895 Citations1993John E. Richters, Pedro Martínez

The 1980s witnessed an extraordinary increase in community violence in most major cities across the United States, and in Washington, DC, the 1990 murder rate set an all time record in the District's history.

Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent PsychiatryThe Prevalence and Consequences of Exposure to Violence among African-American Youth

709 Citations1993Kevin M. Fitzpatrick, Janet P. Boldizar

Exposure to violence among youth is clearly significant to their reporting of PTSD symptomatology, yet the clinical implications of this relationship remain largely unexplored.

PsychiatryThe Nimh Community Violence Project: II. Children’s Distress Symptoms Associated with Violence Exposure

593 Citations1993Pedro Martínez, John E. Richters

It is reasonable to question whether the risks of exposure extend beyond death and physical injury to psychological well-being, and whether the possible adverse psychological consequences of exposure to acute or chronic violence are known.

PsychiatryChronic Community Violence: What Is Happening to Our Children?

451 Citations1993Joy D. Osofsky, Sarah Wewers +2 more

Chronic violence is a growing problem in society today as evidenced by the ever-increasing murder rate in many of the authors' large urban centers in the United States, and the effects on the children who must grow up in environments where they are repeatedly being exposed to significant levels of violence are not addressed adequately.

Journal of Social IssuesPerceptions of Vulnerability to Victimization

346 Citations1983Linda S. Perloff

Journal of Consulting and Clinical PsychologyExposure to violence and presence of depression among low-income, African-American youth.

238 Citations1993Kevin M. Fitzpatrick

Journal of Health Care for the Poor and UnderservedTraumatic Stress and Children

219 Citations1991C. Bell, Esther J. Jenkins

Black youths' exposure to violence, the traumatic, has serious consequences for the child's mental health, often resulting in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms similar to those resulting from direct victimization.

PsychiatryChildren’s Exposure to Community Violence: Following a Path from Concern to Research to Action

187 Citations1993Raymond P. Lorion, William Saltzman

The antecedents and current progress of an ongoing program of research on the nature, extent, and consequences of children's direct and indirect exposure to violent events and settings are discussed.