Probable Cigarette Dependence, PTSD, and Depression after an Urban Disaster: Results from a Population Survey of New York City Residents 4 Months after September 11, 2001
PsychiatryPublished 1 December 2005
Arijit Nandi, Sandro Galea, Jennifer Ahern, David Vlahov
Citations59
SJR quartileQ2
SJR score0.74
SNIP0.71
Generate an AI Snapshot to get a quick, structured summary of this paper.
Study Snapshot
ObjectiveStudy objective
MethodsResearch methodology
PopulationPopulation studied
Sample sizeSample sizes
OutcomesStudy outcomes here
ResultsStudy results comes here
LimitationsResearch study limitations comes here
A concise AI-generated summary of the paper will appear here once you click Generate AI Snapshot.
TL;DR
This study showed the co—occurrence of probable cigarette dependence with increased cigarette use and the co-occurrence with probable posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression after September 11.
Abstract
Disaster exposure may exacerbate psychopathology and substance-related disorders. Four months after September 11, 2001, using random-digit dialing to contact a representative sample of adults (N = 2001) living in New York City, we assessed cigarette smoking and symptoms of probable cigarette dependence using measures from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health. A total of 36.8% of smokers reported increased cigarette use; 10.4% of respondents reported three or more symptoms of cigarette dependence and were considered cases of probable cigarette dependence based on DSM-IV criteria. Cases were more likely to report an increase in cigarette use since September 11 than non-cases (69.4% among cases vs. 2.2% among non-cases, p < 0.001). Cases were more likely to have probable posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression than non-cases (18.1% vs. 5.7% for PTSD, p < 0.001; 23.6% vs. 6.0% for depression, p < 0.001). Increased cigarette use since September 11 was associated with probable PTSD among cases (23.4% vs. 6.4%, p = 0.011) and non-cases (15.1% vs. 5.5%, p = 0.034) but was associated with probable depression only among cases of probable cigarette dependence (28.3% vs. 13.3%, p = 0.027). This study showed the co-occurrence of probable cigarette dependence with increased cigarette use and the co-occurrence of probable cigarette dependence with probable PTSD and depression after September 11.
Keywords
PsychologyHealth Professions
Social Science & MedicineThe MOS social support survey
6,649 Citations1991Cathy D. Sherbourne, Anita L. Stewart
The development and evaluation of a brief, multidimensional, self-administered, social support survey that was developed for patients in the Medical Outcomes Study (MOS), a two-year study of patients with chronic conditions is described.
Behaviour Research and TherapyPsychometric properties of the PTSD checklist (PCL)
3,986 Citations1996Edward B. Blanchard, Jacqueline Jones-Alexander +2 more
The psychometric properties of the PTSD Checklist, a new, brief, self-report instrument, were determined on a population of 40 motor vehicle accident victims and sexual assault victims using diagnoses and scores from the CAPS as the criteria to support the value of the PCL as a brief screening instrument for PTSD.
New England Journal of MedicinePsychological Sequelae of the September 11 Terrorist Attacks in New York City
1,917 Citations2002Sandro Galea, Jennifer Ahern +5 more
There was a substantial burden of acute PTSD and depression in Manhattan after the September 11 attacks, and experiences involving exposure to the attacks were predictors of current PTSD, and losses as a result of the events were predictions of current depression.
Journal of Consulting and Clinical PsychologyPrevalence of civilian trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in a representative national sample of women.
1,612 Citations1993Heidi S. Resnick, Dean G. Kilpatrick +3 more
JAMADepression and the Dynamics of Smoking
880 Citations1990Robert F. Anda
Depressed smokers were 40% less likely to have quit compared with nondepressed smokers and adjusted for amount smoked, sex, age, and educational attainment by means of a Cox proportional hazards model found that depression plays an important role in the dynamics of cigarette smoking in the United States.
American Journal of EpidemiologyTrends of Probable Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in New York City after the September 11 Terrorist Attacks
604 Citations2003Sandro Galea
Archives of General PsychiatryPosttraumatic Stress Disorder and the Incidence of Nicotine, Alcohol, and Other Drug Disorders in Persons Who Have Experienced Trauma
574 Citations2003Naomi Breslau, Glenn C. Davis +1 more
The findings do not support the hypothesis that exposure to traumatic events per se increases the risk for substance use disorders, and a modestly elevated risk for nicotine dependence might be an exception.
American Journal of EpidemiologyIncreased Use of Cigarettes, Alcohol, and Marijuana among Manhattan, New York, Residents after the September 11th Terrorist Attacks
445 Citations2002David Vlahov
The results of this study suggest a substantial increase in substance use in the acute postdisaster period after the September 11th attacks, which may be associated with the presence of different comorbid psychiatric conditions.
Drug and Alcohol DependencePrevalence and demographic correlates of symptoms of last year dependence on alcohol, nicotine, marijuana and cocaine in the U.S. population
395 Citations1997Denise B. Kandel
PsychiatryTelevision Images and Psychological Symptoms after the September 11 Terrorist Attacks
357 Citations2002Jennifer Ahern, Sandro Galea +5 more
Specific disaster-related television images were associated with PTSD and depression among persons who were directly exposed to a disaster and future research should address causal directionality of this association.
Archives of General PsychiatryNicotine Dependence in the United States
331 Citations2001Naomi Breslau, Eric O. Johnson +2 more
Despite evidence that nicotine dependence is the leading preventable cause of death and morbidity, it remains a common psychiatric disorder and trends across cohorts varied across subgroups of the population.
Journal of Addictive DiseasesCigarette Smoking and Major Depression
301 Citations1998Lirio S. Covey, Alexander H. Glassman +1 more
It is recommended that cessation treatments incorporate screening procedures that will identify those patients with a propensity to depression and monitor the emergence of postcessation depression, particularly in those with a history of depression.
The British Journal of PsychiatryNicotine, alcohol and drug dependence and psychiatric comorbidity
297 Citations2001Michael Farrell, Samantha Howes +7 more
The levels of psychiatric morbidity in the non-dependent and the nicotine-, alcohol— and drug-dependent cases are compared to report on consumption patterns of and dependence on nicotine, alcohol and non-prescribed drugs.
Drug and Alcohol DependenceTrauma and substance cue reactivity in individuals with comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder and cocaine or alcohol dependence
263 Citations2002Scott F. Coffey, Michael E. Saladin +4 more
It is hypothesized that PTSD-related negative emotion may play a relatively more important role in the maintenance of AD when compared to CD, and that substance dependent individuals with PTSD report increased substance craving in response to trauma memories is offered as a potential contributing factor in the poorer substance abuse treatment outcomes previously documented in this comorbid population.
Drug and Alcohol DependenceComorbidity between patterns of substance use dependence and psychiatric syndromes
222 Citations2001Denise B. Kandel, Fung-Yea Huang +1 more
Addictive BehaviorsPrevalence and correlates of heavy smoking in Vietnam veterans with chronic posttraumatic stress disorder
198 Citations1997Jean C. Beckham, Angela C. Kirby +6 more
Investigation of smoking patterns in Vietnam veterans with and without posttraumatic stress disorder found heavy smoking status was positively related to total health complaints, lifetime health complained, health complaints in the past year, negative health behaviors, total PTSD symptoms, DSM-IV C cluster (avoidance and numbing) and D cluster (hyperarousal) PTSD symptoms.
Journal of Traumatic StressAssault, PTSD, family substance use, and depression as risk factors for cigarette use in youth: Findings from the national survey of adolescents
173 Citations2000Ron Acierno, Dean G. Kilpatrick +4 more
Age, Caucasian ethnicity, and experiencing physical assault or witnessing violence elevated risk of current cigarette use for both genders and PTSD per se was not associated with increased risk of smoking, after the effects of other variables were controlled.
Psychiatric ServicesMental Health Service and Medication Use in New York City After the September 11, 2001, Terrorist Attack
143 Citations2004Joseph A. Boscarino, Sandro Galea +4 more
Service use after the terrorist attack was related to mental status and to the amount of trauma and stress experienced, and overall, white respondents, those aged 25 to 64 years, and those with a primary care physician were more likely to use services.
PubMedPopulation effects of the bombing of Oklahoma City.
142 Citations1999DeMaurice Smith, Evald Høj Christiansen +2 more
The exposure to the Murrah Federal Building bombing was widespread, including more than half the adults in the metropolitan area surrounding Oklahoma City, and the psychological effects were high and, while decreasing, persisted more than a year after the bombing.
Behavior ModificationViolent Assault, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, and Depression
123 Citations1996Ron Acierno, Dean G. Kilpatrick +3 more
To test the hypothesis that rates of cigarette use might be expected to be greater in individuals experiencing events that produce negative affect, such as assault, a national sample of women aged 18 and older was assessed.
Journal of Traumatic StressSmoking in vietnam combat veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder
119 Citations1995Jean C. Beckham, Allison A. Roodman +7 more
Vietnam veterans with PTSD who smoked were more likely than those who did not smoke to report higher levels of PTSD symptoms, depression and trait anxiety.
International Journal of Emergency MedicineInternational Journal of Emergency Medicine
115 Citations2013Resi Reijnen, Robert W Derlet +10 more
The authors explored the difficulties associated with Arctic rescue, including extreme cold, fluctuating winds, lack of landing sites, and triage priority, which occurred during the summer months.
Archives of General PsychiatryReliability of the Telephone Interview in Diagnosing Anxiety Disorders
110 Citations1988Annamarie Spillane Paulsen
It is concluded that it is possible to reliably make lifetime diagnoses in a family study using the telephone interview of psychiatric diagnosis using the Schedule of Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-Lifetime Version.
PubMedUtilization of mental health services following the September 11th terrorist attacks in Manhattan, New York City.
108 Citations2002Joseph A. Boscarino, Sandro Galea +3 more
While the authors did find a statistically significant increase in pre- vs. post-disaster utilization among the general population in Manhattan this increase was not substantial, except among specific subgroups, including those who had a perievent panic attack, among those exposed to previous stressors, among women, and among those less than 65 years old.
Journal of Clinical OncologySmoking Among Participants in the Childhood Cancer Survivors Cohort: The Partnership for Health Study
97 Citations2003Karen M. Emmons, Rita M. Butterfield +6 more
Findings indicate that many cancer survivors who smoke are receptive to smoking cessation interventions, and factors related to mediators of smoking cessation might be particularly good targets for intervention.
Social Science & MedicineSocial stress and state-to-state differences in smoking and smoking related mortality in the United States
81 Citations1994John P. Colby, Arnold S. Linsky +1 more
The results show that populations that experience higher levels of stressful events smoke more heavily and eventually experience higher mortality from lung cancer and COPD.
Journal of Traumatic StressPsychiatric medication use among Manhattan residents following the World Trade Center disaster
76 Citations2003Joseph A. Boscarino, Sandro Galea +3 more
To assess medication use in New York after the September 11th attacks, a telephone survey was conducted in October 2001 and found that those who had panic attacks, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and insurance coverage, were the most likely medicated.
Journal of Addictive DiseasesAlcoholic Patients' Experience and Attitudes on Pharmacotherapy for Alcoholism
64 Citations1998Robert M. Swift, David F. Duncan +3 more
The findings indicate that the patients were divided about the use of pharmacotherapy for the treatment of alcoholism, and the strongest predictor of willingness to take medication was a belief that the medication would be helpful.
Alcohol and AlcoholismALCOHOL USE, CIGARETTE CONSUMPTION AND CHRONIC POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER
49 Citations2002Wybrand Op den Velde
The absence in these veterans of a correlation between PTSD and alcohol consumption is contrary to the results of most studies on this subject, and may be related to the exclusion from organized resistance activities of people prone to the over-consumption of alcohol.
Journal of Substance AbuseInfluence of depression and gender on smoking expectancies and temptations in alcoholics in early recovery
40 Citations2001Shawn R. Currie, David C. Hodgins +2 more
The results suggest that individuals with a combined history of alcoholism and major depression are at a high risk to use smoking as a means of mood enhancement.
Psychology and Psychotherapy Theory Research and PracticeFamilies of homicide victims: Psychiatric responses and help‐seeking
39 Citations2002Gill Mezey, Chris Evans +1 more
High levels of post-traumatic stress symptomatology and generalized distress were identified, as well as an increase in prescribed psychotropic medication, and few family members had been referred for professional treatment.
Deep Blue (University of Michigan)Mental Health in New York City After the September 11 Terrorist Attacks: Results From Two Population Surveys
28 Citations2002Sandro Galea, Joseph A. Boscarino +2 more
On the morning of September 11, 2001, four commercial airliners were hijacked from U.S. airports and crashed into the twin towers of the World Trade Center in lower Manhattan, New York City, killing more than 3,000 people.