Interleukin-6 in Biology and Medicine
Advances in immunologyPublished 1 January 1993
Shizuo Akira, Tetsuya Taga, Tadamitsu Kishimoto
Citations1,394
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TL;DR
Application of IL-6 is promising in cancer treatment as well as in treatment of radiation- or chemotherapy-induced myelosuppression and the cell biology of the intracellular events that link transduction to gene regulation is an important area, and work on these topics helps to understand such phenomena as multifunction of IL -6 and bidirectional effects of cell growth depending on the cell type.
Abstract
This chapter focuses on structure and expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6), which is a cytokine with pleiotropic activities that plays a central role in host defense. IL-6 can exert growth-inducing, growth-inhibitory, and differentiation-inducing activities, depending on the target cells. These activities include (1) terminal differentiation (secretion of immunoglobulins) in B cells and (2) growth promotion on various B cells. IL-6 has been implicated in the pathology of many diseases including multiple myeloma, mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Selective inhibition of the synthesis or of the action of IL-6 may have therapeutic benefit against the IL-6-associated diseases. On the other hand, IL-6 has potent antitumor activity against certain types of tumors. Application of IL-6 is promising in cancer treatment as well as in treatment of radiation- or chemotherapy-induced myelosuppression. The cell biology of the intracellular events that link transduction to gene regulation is an important area, and work on these topics helps to understand such phenomena as multifunction of IL-6 and bidirectional effects of cell growth depending on the cell type.
Keywords
Immunology and MicrobiologyMedicineBiochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
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Journal of NeuroimmunologyCytokine levels in the cerebrospinal fluid and serum of patients with multiple sclerosis
330 Citations1991Davide Maimone, Susan A. Gregory +2 more
It is indicated that increased CSF levels of the cytokines IL-6 and TNF alpha occur frequently in MS and IND, but there is no obvious relationship to intrathecal Ig synthesis.
The Journal of ImmunologyAnti-IL-6 monoclonal antibodies protect against lethal <i>Escherichia coli</i> infection and lethal tumor necrosis factor-<i>alpha</i> challenge in mice.
325 Citations1990H. Fletcher Starnes, M K Pearce +4 more
IL-6 is a mediator in lethal E. coli infection, and antagonists of IL-6 may be beneficial therapeutically in life-threatening bacterial infection, according to a mouse model of septic shock.
EndocrinologyINTERLEUKIN-6 STIMULATES ANTERIOR PITUITARY HORMONE RELEASE<i>IN VITRO</i>.
323 Citations1989Bryan L. Spangelo, Allan M. Judd +2 more
Interleukin-6 (IL-6), a cytokine produced by inflammatory reactions, was found to stimulate PRL, GH and LH release from anterior pituitary cells at concentrations similar to those which affected lymphocyte mitogenesis to demonstrate a new biological activity for IL-6 and provide evidence for immune system regulation of anterior pituitsary hormone release.
NatureInduction of Plasma-Cell Neoplasms in Strain BALB/c Mice with Mineral Oil and Mineral Oil Adjuvants
311 Citations1962Michael Potter, CHARLOTTE ROBERTSON BOYCE
The frequency of plasma-cell neoplasms in mice injected with the adjuvant–Staphylococcus mixture was sought to determine; and if the whole mixture was necessary.
European Journal of ImmunologyEstablishment of an interleukin 6 (IL 6)/B cell stimulatory factor 2‐dependent cell line and preparation of anti‐IL 6 monoclonal antibodies
309 Citations1988T Matsuda, Toshio Hirano And +1 more
Murine hybridomas producing monoclonal antibodies specific to human interleukin 6 (IL6/BSF‐2) were established and were found to be dependent on IL6 for its in vitro growth and to constitute powerful tools in exploring the presence or the role of IL6 in various immunological disorders.
Proceedings of the National Academy of SciencesCombination of interleukins 3 and 6 preserves stem cell function in culture and enhances retrovirus-mediated gene transfer into hematopoietic stem cells.
309 Citations1989David M. Bodine, Stefan Karlsson +1 more
Investigation of the effects of several hematopoietic growth factors on primitive murine bone marrow progenitor cells found that IL-3 and interleukin 6 appear to act synergistically to enhance stem cell recovery from these cultures, and these data appear to be relevant for retroviral-mediated gene transfer into stem and progenitors cells.
The Journal of ImmunologyInduction of IL-6 (B cell stimulatory factor-2/IFN-<i>beta</i> 2) production by HIV.
308 Citations1989Koichi Nakajima, Otoniel Martı́nez-Maza +6 more
The results suggest that the HIV-induced overproduction of BSF-2 might contribute to the polyclonal B cell activation seen in AIDS and in infection with HIV.
The Journal of ImmunologyGenomic structure of the murine IL-6 gene. High degree conservation of potential regulatory sequences between mouse and human.
299 Citations1988Osamu Tanabe, Shizuo Akira +4 more
Sequences similar to transcriptional enhancer elements such as the c-fos serum responsive element and the consensus sequences for cAMP induction, activator protein 1 binding, and the glucocorticoid receptor binding are identified within the highly conserved 5'-flanking regions of the genes from the two species.
FEBS LettersRecombinant human B cell stimulatory factor 2 (BSF‐2/IFN‐β2) regulates β‐fibrinogen and albumin mRNA levels in Fao‐9 cells
299 Citations1987Tilo Andus, Thomas Geiger +6 more
It is demonstrated that recombinant human B-cell stimulatory factor 2, which is identical to interferon-beta 2/26 kDa protein and interleukin-HP1, exhibits the same activity as hepatocyte-stimulating factor.
Molecular and Cellular BiologyInduction of neuronal differentiation in PC12 cells by B-cell stimulatory factor 2/interleukin 6.
297 Citations1988T Satoh, S Nakamura +5 more
NatureNegative regulation of human c-fos expression by thes retinoblastoma gene product
296 Citations1990Paul D. Robbins, Jonathan M. Horowitz +1 more
Rb can repress c-fos expression and AP-1 transcriptional activity in both serum-induced and cycling 3T3 cells and is termed the cis-acting sequence regulated by Rb the retinoblastoma control element.
The Journal of ImmunologyMolecular cloning of a murine IL-6 receptor-associated signal transducer, gp130, and its regulated expression in vivo
284 Citations1992M. Saito, Kenji Yoshida +3 more
Cloned murine gp130 could transduce the growth signal in a murine IL-3-dependent cell line in response to a complex of IL-6 and soluble IL- 6R and was up-regulated in vivo byIL-6.
Molecular and Cellular BiologyConstitutive and interleukin-1 (IL-1)-inducible factors interact with the IL-1-responsive element in the IL-6 gene.
283 Citations1990Hiroshi Isshiki, Shizuo Akira +5 more
Journal of Biological ChemistryInterleukin-6 induces the synthesis of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1/erythroid potentiating activity (TIMP-1/EPA)
283 Citations1991Martin Lotz, P A Guerne
IL-6 is identified as a potent inducer of de novo synthesis of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1/erythroid potentiating activity in all types of connective tissue cells examined and provides further insight into the regulation of connectives tissues by cytokines.
ScienceMonocyte-Derived Human B-Cell Growth Factor Identified as Interferon-β <sub>2</sub> (BSF-2, IL-6)
275 Citations1988Giovanna Tosato, Kenneth B. Seamon +6 more
IFN-beta 2/BSF-2 is a B-cell growth factor that promotes the proliferation of human B cells infected with EBV and is suggested to be important for B- cell immortalization by EBV.
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