Studies in human lactation: milk composition and daily secretion rates of macronutrients in the first year of lactation
American Journal of Clinical NutritionPublished 1 July 1991
Jeffrey C. Allen, R P Keller, P Archer, MC Neville
Citations243
SJR quartileQ1
SJR score2.11
SNIP1.75
Generate an AI Snapshot to get a quick, structured summary of this paper.
Study Snapshot
ObjectiveStudy objective
MethodsResearch methodology
PopulationPopulation studied
Sample sizeSample sizes
OutcomesStudy outcomes here
ResultsStudy results comes here
LimitationsResearch study limitations comes here
A concise AI-generated summary of the paper will appear here once you click Generate AI Snapshot.
TL;DR
Time-dependent changes in milk composition and secretion from pregnancy through greater than or equal to 6 mo of exclusive breast-feeding were studied in 13 multiparous women and imply that lactation performance is determined in the first month postpartum.
Abstract
Time-dependent changes in milk composition and secretion from pregnancy through greater than or equal to 6 mo of exclusive breast-feeding were studied in 13 multiparous women. Concentrations and secretion rates of lipid, lactose, protein, sodium, chloride, potassium, total calcium, ionized calcium, magnesium, glucose, citrate, inorganic phosphate, creatinine, and urea and pH were analyzed longitudinally from day 6 until weaning commenced. The composition of the antepartum secretion was related to the permeability of the junctional complexes between mammary cells. Significant increases in lactose, glucose, pH, and ionized calcium and significant decreases in protein, sodium, potassium, chloride, and calcium concentrations were observed between 1 and 6 mo. Significant differences among individuals, which persisted through lactation, were observed for the concentrations of sodium, potassium, chloride, and inorganic phosphate. The amount of lactose, ionized calcium, and magnesium transferred to the infant was also characteristic of each mother-infant pair. Our data imply that lactation performance is determined in the first month postpartum.
Keywords
MedicineNursing
Analytical BiochemistryDetermination of citrate with citrate lyase
437 Citations1966Hans Moellering, Wolfgang Gruber
The assay of citrate lyase is also markedly improved by addition of zinc, and the method was applied to a number of animal tissues and fruit juices.
American Journal of Clinical NutritionStudies in human lactation: milk volumes in lactating women during the onset of lactation and full lactation.
418 Citations1988MC Neville, R. A. Keller +6 more
There was a characteristic milk volume for each mother-infant pair that was significantly related to infant weight at 1 mo, suggesting that infant and/or maternal factors coming into play during the first month of life are strong determinants of subsequent milk transfer to the infant.
Clinical ChemistryDirect Method for Determining Inorganic Phosphate in Serum with the "CentrifiChem"
362 Citations1972John A Daly, Gerhard Ertingshausen
A direct method was developed for determining inorganic phosphate in serum, which requires only a single reagent addition, and theoretical limits of automatic blanking when applied to a first-order reaction are discussed.
American Journal of Clinical NutritionStudies in human lactation: milk volume and nutrient composition during weaning and lactogenesis
315 Citations1991MC Neville, Jeffrey C. Allen +7 more
Differences between the relation of milk volume and composition during lactogenesis and weaning suggest that volume is differently regulated in the two periods.
The Journal of PediatricsHuman milk intake and growth in exclusively breast-fed infants
274 Citations1984Nancy F. Butte, Cutberto Garza +2 more
Infant growth progressed satisfactorily, compared with National Center for Health Statistics standards, and a reevaluation of energy and protein intakes and allowances during infancy is merited.
The Journal of PediatricsNutritional composition of milk produced by mothers delivering preterm
260 Citations1980Steven Jay Gross, Richard J. David +2 more
PT milk appears to approximate more closely the nutritional needs of the preterm infant than does other breast milk.
Pediatric ResearchDifferences in the Composition of Preterm and Term Human Milk during Early Lactation
260 Citations1982James A. Lemons, Lemuel A. Moyé +2 more
The compositional differences in preterm milk (increased protein and mineral content) are generally characteristic of colostrum and may reflect a prolonged colostral phase in premature mothers who are establishing lactation by artificial means during periods of emotional stress.
American Journal of Clinical NutritionStudies on human lactation. I. Within-feed and between-breast variation in selected components of human milk
245 Citations1984Margaret Neville, R P Keller +4 more
Within-feed and between-breast differences in the concentrations of sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, magnesium, lipid, protein, lactose, glucose, urea nitrogen, creatinine, zinc, and copper were examined in milk samples from 10 women.
Clinical ChemistrySimple, Rapid, Kinetic Method for Serum Creatinine Measurement
242 Citations1972Jack A. Lustgarten, Robert E. Wenk
The test is somewhat imprecise in the low range, but the simple, rapid procedure is appropriate for the monitoring of patients with glomerular disease and those undergoing therapeutic dialysis.
Baillière s Clinical Endocrinology and MetabolismThe mammary gland
211 Citations1991Isabel A. Forsyth
In vivo studies have shown that the growth of the mammary gland is regulated by a complex synergistic interaction of protein, steroid and thyroid hormones, but it has proved difficult to fully reproduce these effects in vitro.
Immunology and Cell BiologyCHANGES IN HUMAN MILK COMPOSITION DURING THE INITIATION OF LACTATION
187 Citations1981Jerzy K. Kulski, Peter Hartmann
The findings showed that the initiation of lactation developed in two phases, first a limited secretion of milk constituents in late pregnancy and then true induction of lactATION (lactogenesis) 32-40 h after delivery.
American Journal of Clinical NutritionLongitudinal changes in the mineral content of human milk
182 Citations1979LA Vaughan, CW Weber +1 more
PEDIATRICSLactational Capacity of Marginally Nourished Mothers: Relationships Between Maternal Nutritional Status and Quantity and Proximate Composition of Milk
172 Citations1986Kenneth H. Brown, Naheed Ahmed Akhtar +2 more
The findings suggest that, despite their remarkably good lactational capacity, the mothers' milk production was limited to some extent by their nutritional status and may, therefore, be further increased with nutritional improvement.
Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and NutritionMilk and Nutrient Intake of Breast-Fed Infants from 1 to 6 Months
168 Citations1983Kathryn G. Dewey, Bo Lönnerdal
Dietary intake, milk composition, growth, and activity were monitored monthly for 20 breast‐fed infants from 1 to 6 months and weight‐for‐length and weight gain were significantly correlated with total energy intake, but not with activity level, during the first 6 months.
Archives of Disease in ChildhoodVariation in the composition of breast milk during the first 5 weeks of lactation: implications for the feeding of preterm infants.
155 Citations1982C M Hibberd, O G Brooke +3 more
The most striking feature of the results was the high degree of variation observed both between samples from the same mother and between sample from different mothers on the same day of lactation.
PubMedDietary supplementation of lactating Gambian women. I. Effect on breast-milk volume and quality.
147 Citations1983AM Prentice, Roberts Sb +5 more
The supplement had no effect on breast-milk volume, compared with retrospective controls, at any stage of lactation or in any season of the year.
British Journal Of NutritionThe yield and nutrient content of colostrum and milk of women from giving birth to 1 month post-partum
147 Citations1984L. Saint, Margaret Smith +1 more
The intake of mammary secretion from delivery to day 5 post-partum was determined by test-weighing nine infants using an integrating electronic balance and it is confirmed that it is possible to obtain a similar estimate of milk consumed using either of the two methods.
American Journal of Clinical NutritionStudies in human lactation: secretion of zinc, copper, and manganese in human milk
143 Citations1989Clare E. Casey, Margaret Neville +1 more
Gradual weaning was associated with large and irregular changes in Mn levels and Zn concentrations in milk declined throughout lactation, while Zn and Cu were not affected by weaning.
Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and NutritionMilk Lactose, Citrate, and Glucose as Markers of Lactogenesis in Normal and Diabetic Women
142 Citations1989Peter G. Arthur, Margaret Smith +1 more
It is concluded that for individual mothers, milk lactose and citrate are useful markers of lactogenesis I, and the changes in the concentrations of these markers suggested that lactogenesis II was delayed in type I diabetic mothers.
PEDIATRICSComposition of Breast Milk from Mothers of Preterm Infants
139 Citations1981Steven Jay Gross, Jane Geller +1 more
The mean concentrations of protein, sodium, chloride, and potassium in early preterm milk were adequate to meet the estimated requirements for the preterm infant, however, there was large variability in nutritional composition of milk among mothers and among samples from the same mother.
Early Human DevelopmentLongitudinal changes in milk composition of mothers delivering preterm and term infants
130 Citations1984Nancy F. Butte, Cutberto Garza +3 more
Concentrations of PN, NPN, Na, P, and Zn decreased over time, and the concentration of Mg increased slightly, while the content of fat, energy, and Ca did not change.
Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and NutritionChanges in the Lipids of Human Milk from 2 to 16 Weeks Postpartum
128 Citations1982Richard M. Clark, Ann M. Ferris +4 more
It is concluded that the fatty acid pattern, lipid phosphorus, total cholesterol, and free cholesterol of mature milk to 16 weeks postpartum remains relatively constant while total lipid concentration increases.
Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A PhysiologyInterrelationships of constituents and partition of salts in milk samples from eight species
116 Citations1984Carl Holt, R. Jenness
Skim-milk samples from rat, rabbit, pig, sheep, goat, horse and man were analysed for lactose, casein and the total and ultrafilterable concentrations of the main salts suggesting that common, general, principles determine the partition of salts in milks.
American Journal of Clinical NutritionStudies on the quality of breast milk during 23 months of lactation in a rural community of the Ivory Coast
99 Citations1979Emmanuelle Lauber, M. C. Reinhardt
Infants were growing well on breast milk with nothing else for the first 5 months, but thereafter their growth curves were no longer satisfactory as judged by Western standards: weight for age decreased from 5 to 10 months of age to level off thereafter at a value of 80%.
Clinical ChemistryDetermination of total protein in human milk: comparison of methods.
98 Citations1986R P Keller, Margaret Neville
The Pierce BCA assay showed the least difference in values among different types of protein, and because it showed the greatest precision (with acceptable constant and proportional error), the BCA method is recommended.
British Journal Of NutritionBreast-milk fat concentrations of rural African women
98 Citations1981Ann Prentice, Ann Prentice +1 more
Long-term variations in breast-milk fat concentration of mothers feeding on demand were studied in 120 rural West African women over a 12-month period and a mother's relative breast- milk fat concentration was not correlated with her levels of dietary energy intake and breast- milk output but was positively correlated withHer relative subcutaneous fat deposits.
British Journal Of NutritionBreast-milk fat concentrations of rural African women
92 Citations1981Ann Prentic, A.M. Prentice +1 more
A simple, rational and non-intrusive sampling procedure was devised for the estimation of whole-day mean fat levels based on the finding that the mean fat concentration of small samples of milk taken from both breasts before and after one specific feed of the day was closely correlated with 12 h and 24 h mean fat concentrations.
Acta PaediatricaStudies on Human Lactation
90 Citations1963M. G. Karmarkar, R. RAJALAKSHMF +1 more
There was a significant increase in milk protein with increase in dietary protein up to a median level and beyond this no further increase was found and Carbohydrate calcium phosphorus and iron content of the milk showed no consistent correlation with diet intake.
British Journal Of NutritionYield and nutrient content of milk in eight women breast-feeding twins and one woman breast-feeding triplets
87 Citations1986L. Saint, P. Maggiore +1 more
It is concluded that the maximum potential milk yield for women may be higher than the often quoted value of 70–800 m1/24 h.
Acta PaediatricaMILK AND MINERAL INTAKES OF BREASTFED INFANTS
73 Citations1981Mary Frances Picciano, E. J. CALKINS +2 more
Ranges of intake for copper, iron, zinc, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium and chloride are comparable to values reported for these mineral intakes by both early and modern investigators even though different data collection techniques and analytical methods were employed.
PEDIATRICSRelationship of Human Milk pH During Course of Lactation to Concentrations of Citrate and Fatty Acids
72 Citations1986Frank H. Morriss, Eileen D. Brewer +5 more
One interpretation of these findings is that the hydrogen ions and citrate generated by mammary secretory cell metabolism are used after the second week of lactation for de novo synthesis of fatty acids more rapidly than they are synthesized.
American Journal of Clinical NutritionZinc, calcium, and magnesium concentrations in milk from American and Egyptian women throughout the first 6 months of lactation
71 Citations1988MV Karra, Avanelle Kirksey +4 more
Effects of stage of lactation, nutrient intake, and cultural differences on the composition of human milk were examined in American and Egyptian women and similarities in the longitudinal decrease observed in Zn levels of milk inZn supplemented and unsupplemented subjects suggested physiological regulation.
American Journal of Clinical NutritionCopper, zinc, and magnesium content of breast milk of Indian women
65 Citations1980K Rajalakshmi, S. G. Srikantia
There were no differences in the levels of these elements in milk between rural and urban low income groups of women, however significant differences were noted in the copper and zinc contents of milk of women from low and high Income groups of the urban population from the 1st to 3rd month of lactation.
Journal of Dairy ScienceMilk Synthesis and Secretion Rates in Cows with Milk Composition Changed by Oxytocin
59 Citations1990Jeffrey C. Allen
Measurement of Na and K in biopsied mammary tissue suggests that a high Na:K ratio in milk will increase that ratio in secretory cells, which may be part of the mechanism for lower milk yield under circumstances that increase permeability of mammary tight junctions.
American Journal of Clinical NutritionEvaluation of lactational performance of Navajo women
57 Citations1981Nancy F. Butte, Doris Howes Calloway
Despite evidence of suboptimal nutriture among these Navajo women, lactational performance was adequate in terms of infant growth, milk volume, and milk composition with the exception of vitamin A which was lower than normal.
The Journal of PediatricsIncreasing serum calcium and magnesium concentrations in breast-fed infants: Longitudinal studies of minerals in human milk and in sera of nursing mothers and their infants
47 Citations1982Frank R. Greer, Reginald C. Tsang +4 more
It is speculated that the physiologic rise in serum calcium and magnesium concentrations in exclusively breast-fed infants may be partly accounted for by a decrease in dietary phosphorus intake.
Clinical ChemistryIonized calcium in human milk determined with a calcium-selective electrode.
42 Citations1983Jeffrey C. Allen, Margaret Neville
The Ca2+ concentration of milk decreased and the pH increased as CO2 was lost to the atmosphere and the importance of maintaining physiological CO2 concentrations when Ca2- is being measured in milk is emphasized.
The Journal of PhysiologyThe distribution and movements of carbon dioxide, carbonic acid and bicarbonate between blood and milk in the goat.
37 Citations1975J. L. Linzell, M. Peaker
Hourly milking with the aid of oxytocin raised milk pH, [HCO3 minus], [H2CO3], [Na] and E1Cl], and lowered [K], [lactose] and [phosphate].
The Journal of PhysiologySodium and potassium distribution in the lactating mouse mammary gland in vivo.
29 Citations1985Sally E. Berga, Margaret Neville
This finding, in a tight epithelium such as the lactating mouse mammary gland, suggests that both sodium and potassium cannot be distributed passively across the apical membrane and an active transport process must exist for one or both of these ions in this membrane.
British Journal Of NutritionEstimation of 24 h breast-milk fat concentration and fat intake in rural northern Thailand
26 Citations1988Dorothy A. Jackson, Stella M. Imong +6 more
The present study assesses the accuracy with which mean 24 h breast-milk composition can be estimated if milk samples can only be collected during the daytime, and finds that the best estimate of 24 h fat concentration was given by two randomly chosen daytime feeds.
Annals of Nutrition and MetabolismDiurnal Variations and within the Feed in Lactose and Oligosaccharides of Human Milk
26 Citations1986Dani egrave le Viverge, Louis Grimmonprez +3 more
Variations of lactose and oligosaccharides in human milk were studied during the day and the feed, by dialysis, chromatography on Bio-gel P-2 column, paper chromatography, colorimetric analysis and gas chromatography.
PEDIATRICSThe Human Weaning Process
25 Citations1985R. G. Whitehead
It is emphasized that the weaning process is naturally a lengthy one, lasting many months rather than a few weeks, and that the provision of additional foods need not inhibit a mother's capacity for lactation as long as these feeds are administered in the correct fashion.
The Journal of PediatricsStudies on human lactation
21 Citations1959M. G. Karmarkar, H.R. Chokshi +2 more
Dietary protein and the various nitrogenous constituents of milk of 60 lactating women were estimated and it was found that intitial increases in dietary protein were accompanied by an increase in the total nitrogen and protein nitrogen contents of milk and a decrease in the free amino acid nitrogen content.
Plenum Press eBooksMaternal and environmental factors
19 Citations1986Margit Hamosh, Armond S. Goldman
Ethnic Cultural Effect Upon Human Lactation: Introduction to Workshop with Some Comments to Experience Obtained in Scandinavian Countries During the Last Two Centuries.
Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and NutritionHuman Milk Calcium and Phosphate Levels of Mothers Delivering Term and Preterm Infants
13 Citations1982Gary M. Chan
Human milk calcium (Ca) and phosphate (P) content from mothers of 10 term and 15 preterm infants was evaluated during the first month of lactation and values were not different between nursing preterm and term infants or between the lactating mothers.
Total Nitrogen and Non-Protein Nitrogen Balance in Preterm Infants Fed Preterm Human Milk
6 Citations1986Sharon M. Donovan, Stephanie A. Atkinson +1 more
It is thought that the use of “preterm milk” would more closely fulfill the needs of the preterm infant without causing the metabolic abnormalities that have been observed in infants fed formula with higher protein content.
American Journal of Clinical NutritionHumoral defence factors in the breast milk of Ethiopian women with leprosy and healthy controls
5 Citations1983M.E. Duncan, R. R. Samson +2 more
No major variation in levels of secretory IgA, lactoferrin, albumin, and total protein was found between the three groups of Ethiopian women.