An Evaluation Technique for Binarization Algorithms
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)Published 1 January 2008Open access
Pyrrhos Stathis, Ergina Kavallieratou, Nikos Papamarkos
Citations79
Generate an AI Snapshot to get a quick, structured summary of this paper.
Study Snapshot
ObjectiveStudy objective
MethodsResearch methodology
PopulationPopulation studied
Sample sizeSample sizes
OutcomesStudy outcomes here
ResultsStudy results comes here
LimitationsResearch study limitations comes here
A concise AI-generated summary of the paper will appear here once you click Generate AI Snapshot.
TL;DR
This paper proposes a new technique for the validation of document binarization algorithms that is simple in its implementation and can be performed on anybinarization algorithm since it doesn't require anything more than the binarized stage.
Abstract
Abstract: Document binarization is an active research area for many years. The choice of the most appropriate binarization algorithm for each case proved to be a very difficult procedure itself. In this paper, we propose a new technique for the validation of document binarization algorithms. Our method is simple in its implementation and can be performed on any binarization algorithm since it doesn’t require anything more than the binarization stage. As a demonstration of the proposed technique, we use the case of degraded historical documents. Then we apply the proposed technique to 30 binarization algorithms. Experimental results and conclusions are presented.
Keywords
Computer Science
Pattern classification and scene analysis
12,643 Citations1973Richard O. Duda, Peter E. Hart
Elsevier eBooksDigital Picture Processing
4,622 Citations1982
The rapid rate at which the field of digital picture processing has grown in the past five years had necessitated extensive revisions and the introduction of topics not found in the original edition.
Journal of Electronic ImagingSurvey over image thresholding techniques and quantitative performance evaluation
4,514 Citations2004B. Sankur
40 selected thresholding methods from various categories are compared in the context of nondestructive testing applications as well as for document images, and the thresholding algorithms that perform uniformly better over nonde- structive testing and document image applications are identified.
ACM Computing SurveysA survey of image registration techniques
4,042 Citations1992Lisa Gottesfeld Brown
This paper organizes this material by establishing the relationship between the variations in the images and the type of registration techniques which can most appropriately be applied, and establishing a framework for understanding the merits and relationships between the wide variety of existing techniques.
Computer Vision Graphics and Image ProcessingA new method for gray-level picture thresholding using the entropy of the histogram
3,603 Citations1985J. N. Kapur, Prasanna K. Sahoo +1 more
Two methods of entropic thresholding proposed by Pun (Signal Process.,2, 1980, 223–237;Comput.16, 1981, 210–239) have been carefully and critically examined and a new method with a sound theoretical foundation is proposed.
Computer Vision Graphics and Image ProcessingA survey of thresholding techniques
2,658 Citations1988Prasanna K. Sahoo, Soheil Soltani +1 more
This paper presents a survey of thresholding techniques and attempts to evaluate the performance of some automatic global thresholding methods using the criterion functions such as uniformity and shape measures.
Pattern RecognitionAdaptive document image binarization
2,249 Citations2000J. Sauvola, Matti Pietikäinen
A new method is presented for adaptive document image binarization, where the page is considered as a collection of subcomponents such as text, background and picture, which adapts and performs well in each case qualitatively and quantitatively.
IEEE Transactions on Image ProcessingA new criterion for automatic multilevel thresholding
932 Citations1995Jui-Cheng Yen, Fu-Juay Chang +1 more
A new criterion for multilevel thresholding based on the consideration of two factors, the discrepancy between thresholded and original images and the number of bits required to represent the thresholded image, and a cost function that takes both factors into account are proposed.
Computer Vision Graphics and Image ProcessingAutomatic thresholding of gray-level pictures using two-dimensional entropy
730 Citations1989Ahmed S. Abutaleb
The entropy-based thresholding algorithm is extended to the 2-dimensional histogram and it was found that the proposed approach performs better specially when the signal to noise ratio (SNR) is decreased.
Signal ProcessingA new method for grey-level picture thresholding using the entropy of the histogram
672 Citations1980Thierry Pun
It is shown that, by an a priori maximation of an entropy determined a posteriori, a picture can successfully be thresholded into a two-level image.
Pattern RecognitionAdaptive degraded document image binarization
585 Citations2005Basilis Gatos, Ioannis Pratikakis +1 more
The proposed method does not require any parameter tuning by the user and can deal with degradations which occur due to shadows, non-uniform illumination, low contrast, large signal-dependent noise, smear and strain.
CVGIP Graphical Models and Image ProcessingAn Analysis of Histogram-Based Thresholding Algorithms
577 Citations1993C. A. Glasbey
Eleven histogram-based global thresholding algorithms are presented in a common notational framework and the iterated version of Kittler and Illingworth′s minimum error algorithm is found to be best.
Computer Vision Graphics and Image ProcessingA comparative performance study of several global thresholding techniques for segmentation
570 Citations1990Sang Uk Lee, Seok Yoon Chung +1 more
Computer simulation results reveal that most algorithms perform consistently well on images with a bimodal histogram, however, all algorithms break down for a certain ratio of population of object and background pixels in an image, which in practice may arise quite frequently.
IEEE Transactions on Systems Man and CyberneticsOn threshold selection using clustering criteria
319 Citations1985Josef Kittler, J. Illingworth
The threshold selection method of N. Otsu (ibid., vol.SMC-9, p.62-6, 1979) is shown to break down for a certain range of object-to-background pixel population ratios.
Journal of the ACMOperations Useful for Similarity-Invariant Pattern Recognition
260 Citations1962W. D. Doyle
Some ideas for position- and size-invariant two-dimensional pattern recognition lead, in some cases, to easily mechanized operations and an application to detection of straight lines is proposed.
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine IntelligenceA spatial thresholding method for image segmentation
220 Citations1988Kanti V. Mardia, T.J. Hainsworth
It is found that an algorithm using alternating mean thresholding and median filtering provides an acceptable method when the image is relatively highly contaminated, and seems to depend less on initial values than other procedures.
IEEE Transactions on Systems Man and CyberneticsThreshold Evaluation Techniques
213 Citations1978Joan S. Weszka, Azriel Rosenfeld
The problem of threshold evaluation is addressed, and two methods are proposed for measuring the "goodness" of a thresholded image, one based on a busyness criterion and the otherbased on a discrepancy or error criterion.
IEEE Transactions on Systems Man and CyberneticsAn optimal multiple threshold scheme for image segmentation
196 Citations1984S. S. Reddi, Stephan Rudin +1 more
A fast search scheme is presented for finding single and multiple thresholds that maximize interclass variance between dark and bright regions that is orders of magnitude faster and uses a criterion function for its search scheme.
Pattern RecognitionAn adaptive logical method for binarization of degraded document images
189 Citations2000Yibing Yang, Hong Yan
This method can threshold various poor quality gray-scale document images automatically without need of any prior knowledge of the document image and manual fine-tuning of parameters and has a wider range of applications compared with other methods.
Pattern RecognitionMinimum cross-entropy threshold selection
183 Citations1996A.D. Brink, Neil Pendock
It is shown that this measure, the cross-entropy, is related to other commonly used measures of distance or similarity under special conditions, although it is in some senses more general.
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine IntelligenceGray level thresholding in badly illuminated images
172 Citations1991J.R. Parker
The thresholding method, called the local intensity gradient (LIG) method, was implemented in C using a Sun4 host running UNIX and properly thresholds a larger set of images than does any other method examined over the sample images tested.
IEE Proceedings - Vision Image and Signal ProcessingThresholding based on histogram approximation
145 Citations1995Nisha Ramesh
The authors propose two automatic threshold-selection schemes, based on functional approximation of the histogram, which give better results than the former one, at a small extra computational cost.
A comparison of binarization methods for historical archive documents
111 Citations2005Jingyu He, Quan Do +2 more
This paper compares several alternative binarization algorithms for historical archive documents, and finds that Niblack's algorithm can achieve better performance than Sauvola's (which has been claimed as an evolution of Nibl Mack's algorithm), and that it also achievedbetter performance than the internal binarizations provided as part of the commercial OCR engine.
Separating text and background in degraded document images - a comparison of global thresholding techniques for multi-stage thresholding
98 Citations2003Graham Leedham, S.D. Varma +2 more
This paper investigates the use of three global thresholding algorithms as the first stage in a multi-stage thresholding algorithm for use in degraded document images and concludes that Otsu's and Kapur's algorithms do not work well for difficult documents as they tend to over-threshold the image, thus losing much of the useful information.
Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIEDocument Image Binarization: Evaluation Of Algorithms
79 Citations1986Paul W. Palumbo, P. Swaminathan +1 more
This paper evaluates three adaptive binarization techniques viz., a contrast measure approach, a weighted running average approach and a second derivative approach, and compares them to global Binarization methods.
Pattern Recognition LettersImprovement of “integrated function algorithm” for binarization of document images
60 Citations1995Øivind Due Trier, Torfinn Taxt
The integrated function Algorithm for binarization of gray level document images is improved by smoothing, a new print pixel identification strategy, and a postprocessing step removing false print objects.
A binarization algorithm specialized on document images and photos
50 Citations2005Ergina Kavallieratou
The proposed method for document images or photos binarization is applied to problematic cases of documents and it is compared to other traditional methods.
Computer Vision and Image UnderstandingGray-Level Reduction Using Local Spatial Features
42 Citations2000Nikos Papamarkos, A. Atsalakis
The proposed approach achieves gray-level reduction using both the image gray-levels and additional local spatial features using a self-organized neural network classifier.
A quantitative method for assessing algorithms to remove back-to-front interference in documents
12 Citations2007Rafael Dueire Lins, João Marcelo Monte da Silva
This paper presents a method to assess algorithms to remove back-to-front interference, an artifact of documents written on both sides on translucent paper that yields unreadable documents.
An objective way to evaluate and compare binarization algorithms
6 Citations2008Ergina Kavallieratou
A new technique for the validation of document binarization algorithms is proposed, based on the use of synthetic images from pdf document and it can be applied to anybinarization algorithm since it doesn't require anything more than the binarized stage.