5 Demand Characteristics and the Concept of Quasi-Controls
Published 1 May 2009
Martin T. Orne
Citations251
Generate an AI Snapshot to get a quick, structured summary of this paper.
Study Snapshot
ObjectiveStudy objective
MethodsResearch methodology
PopulationPopulation studied
Sample sizeSample sizes
OutcomesStudy outcomes here
ResultsStudy results comes here
LimitationsResearch study limitations comes here
A concise AI-generated summary of the paper will appear here once you click Generate AI Snapshot.
Abstract
Abstract Here, the assumption is that many subjects who volunteer for research participation have a tendency to play the role of the “good subject” (an ironic term) who is both highly sensitive and responsive to inadvertent task-orienting cues (demand characteristics). Quasi-control procedures can be used to identify sources of artifacts, and there is a discussion of how drug (pharmacological) research might serve as a model for the psychological experiment.
Keywords
PsychologySocial Sciences
American PsychologistOn the social psychology of the psychological experiment: With particular reference to demand characteristics and their implications.
4,032 Citations1962Martin T. Orne
Psychological ReviewSelf-perception: An alternative interpretation of cognitive dissonance phenomena.
2,962 Citations1967Daryl J. Bem
A theory of self-percepti on is proposed to provide an alternative interpretation for several of the major phenomena embraced by Festinger's theory of cognitive dissonance and to explicate some of the secondary patterns of data that have appeared in dissonance experiments.
Archives of Internal MedicineExperimenter Effects in Behavioral Research.
1,207 Citations1967James L. Titchener
"Clever Hans," the mathematical horse owned by an apparently ingenuous German schoolmaster in the early 1900's, could add, subtract, multiply, divide, read, spell, and solve problems of musical harmony, communicating his answers by tapping his foot.
Journal of the American Medical AssociationMeasurement of Subjective Responses: Quantitative Effects of Drugs
468 Citations1960
PubMedOn the social psychology of the psychological experiment: the experimenter's hypothesis as unintended determinant of experimental results.
369 Citations1963Robert Rosenthal
Further evidence suggests that different psychological experimenters (Es) may obtain statistically significantly different data from comparable human subjects (Ss) (McGuigan, 1961; Mulry, 1962; Pflugrath, 1962).
Archives of General PsychiatryInsight vs Desensitization in Psychotherapy: An Experiment in Anxiety Reduction.
121 Citations1966George Saslow
Journal of the American Medical AssociationFACTORS INFLUENCING CLINICAL EVALUATION OF DRUGS
88 Citations1958Walter Modell
The fallibility of enthusiastic claims for new drugs makes it desirable to recognize those investigations which are likely to yield substantial data and to lead to interpretations that can be ascribed to pharmacodynamic effects rather than to wish, prejudice, coincidence, accident, or error.
Psychosomatic MedicinePhysiological Effects During Hypnotically Requested Emotions
54 Citations1963ESTHER C. DAMASER, Ronald E. Shor +1 more
It was demonstrated that consistent physiological changes occur in response to hypnotically requested emotions, but that similar changes occur just as readily during waking control conditions, and can be produced just as clearly by Ss simulating hypnosis.
International Journal of Clinical and Experimental HypnosisInadvertent termination of hypnosis with hypnotized and simulating subjects
36 Citations1966Martin T. Orne, Frederick J. Evans
5 of 6 simulating Ss behaved as though they were in hypnosis throughout, while the hypnotic suggestions appeared to lose their effectiveness, and the hypnotized Ss gradually awoke.
Psychonomic ScienceCooperation with demand characteristics and the bimodal distribution of verbal conditioning data
24 Citations1968Monte M. Page, Augustus R. Lumia