Dual-route theory and the consistency effect
Behavioral and Brain SciencesPublished 1 December 1985
Alan J. Parkin
Citations5
SJR quartileQ2
SJR score0.55
SNIP0.43
Generate an AI Snapshot to get a quick, structured summary of this paper.
Study Snapshot
ObjectiveStudy objective
MethodsResearch methodology
PopulationPopulation studied
Sample sizeSample sizes
OutcomesStudy outcomes here
ResultsStudy results comes here
LimitationsResearch study limitations comes here
A concise AI-generated summary of the paper will appear here once you click Generate AI Snapshot.
Abstract
An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
Keywords
PsychologyArts and HumanitiesNeuroscience
Cognitive PsychologyFamily resemblances: Studies in the internal structure of categories
5,842 Citations1975Eleanor Rosch, Carolyn Β. Mervis
The Sound Pattern of English
4,823 Citations1968Noam Chomsky, Morris Halle
Psychological ReviewA theory of reading: From eye fixations to comprehension.
3,847 Citations1980Marcel Adam Just, Patricia A. Carpenter
Reading Research QuarterlyToward an Interactive-Compensatory Model of Individual Differences in the Development of Reading Fluency
1,665 Citations1980Keith E. Stanovich
Psychological ReviewAn interactive activation model of context effects in letter perception: II. The contextual enhancement effect and some tests and extensions of the model.
1,501 Citations1982David E. Rumelhart, James L. McClelland
The interactive activation model of context effects in letter perception is reviewed, elaborated, and tested, and several recent findings that seem to challenge the model are considered and a number of extensions are proposed.
Quarterly Journal of Experimental PsychologyThe Selective Impairment of Semantic Memory
1,471 Citations1975Elizabeth K. Warrington
Perception & PsychophysicsThe span of the effective stimulus during a fixation in reading
1,268 Citations1975George W. McConkie, Keith Rayner
A computer-based eye-movement controlled, display system was developed for the study of perceptual processes in reading and results indicated that the subjects acquired word-length pattern information at least 12 to 15 character positions to the right of the fixation point, and that this information primarily influenced saccade lengths.
Journal of Experimental PsychologyPerceptual recognition as a function of meaningfulness of stimulus material.
1,259 Citations1969Gerald M. Reicher
The data suggest that the first stages of information processing are done in parallel, but scanning of the resultant highly processed information is done serially.
Psychology Press eBooksCognitive Processes in Comprehension
1,151 Citations2013Marcel Adam Just, Patricia A. Carpenter
Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & PerformanceAre lexical decisions a good measure of lexical access? The role of word frequency in the neglected decision stage.
1,145 Citations1984David A. Balota, James I. Chumbley
It is argued that decision processes having little to do with lexical access accentuate the word-frequency effect in the lexical decision task and that results from this task have questionable value in testing the assumption that word frequency orders the lexicon, thereby affecting time to access the mental lexicon.
Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal BehaviorLexical access and naming time
1,133 Citations1973Kenneth I. Forster, Susan M. Chambers
Lawrence Erlbaum Associates eBooksProgress in the psychology of language
1,079 Citations1985Andrew W. Ellis
Journal of Psycholinguistic ResearchPatterns of paralexia: A psycholinguistic approach
1,028 Citations1973John C. Marshall, Freda Newcombe
Parallel models of associative memory
920 Citations1981Geoffrey E. Hinton, James A. Anderson
This chapter discusses G.E. Hinton's models of Information Processing in the Brain, Implementing Semantic Networks in Parallel Hardware, and R. Ratcliff's Parallel-Processing Mechanisms and Processing of Organized Information in Human Memory.
Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal BehaviorWhen does irregular spelling or pronunciation influence word recognition?
666 Citations1984Mark S. Seidenberg, Gloria Waters +2 more
Memory & CognitionSemantic context effects in visual word recognition: An analysis of semantic strategies
659 Citations1980Curtis A. Becker
Two distinct patterns of context effects are examined, one of which shows a dominance of facilitation for target words in a related context, and the other pattern showsA dominance of interference for target Words in an unrelated context.
Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal BehaviorEvidence for phonemic recoding in visual word recognition
633 Citations1971Herbert Rubenstein, Spafford S. Lewis +1 more
Processing of Visible Language
580 Citations1979Paul A. Kolers, Merald E. Wrolstad +1 more
Principles of writing systems within the frame of visual communication and an outline sketch of psychological research on reading and writing are outlined.
Journal of Experimental Psychology GeneralResolving 20 years of inconsistent interactions between lexical familiarity and orthography, concreteness, and polysemy.
580 Citations1984Morton Ann Gernsbacher
Six lexical decision experiments reexamine the prior findings by orthogonally manipulating lexical familiarity, as assessed by experiential familiarity ratings, with bigram frequency, semantic concreteness, and number of meanings and suggest that of these variables, only experientials familiarity reliably affects word recognition latencies.
Memory & CognitionPre- and postlexical loci of contextual effects on word recognition
566 Citations1984Mark S. Seidenberg, Gloria Waters +2 more
The results indicate that only associative and semantic priming facilitate the decoding of a target; the other effects are postlexical.
CognitionThe time course of phonological code activation in two writing systems
556 Citations1985Mark S. Seidenberg
Differences in the manner in which writing systems represent phonology are not relevant to the recognition of common words, consistent with a parallel interactive model of word recognition in which orthographic and phonological information are activated at different latencies.
Brain and LanguageDissociations of language function in dementia: A case study
507 Citations1979Myrna F. Schwartz, Oscar S.M. Marin +1 more
It was found that the subject was unable to utilize semantic context in the written disambiguation of spoken homophones but could, at the same time, use even minimal syntactic cues as the basis for proper lexical selection, consistent with other lines of evidence pointing to the relative preservation of syntactic operations.
Brain and LanguageThe logic of neuropsychological research and the problem of patient classification in aphasia
486 Citations1984Alfonso Caramazza
A critical analysis is presented of the assumptions that must be made to use the data from aphasia to constrain models of normal language processing and the implication of these assumptions for patient classification and research methodology in aphasIA is considered.
Basic Processes in Reading
463 Citations2017David LaBerge, S. Jay Samuels
Perception & PsychophysicsVisual influences on speech perception processes
455 Citations1978John MacDonald, Harry McGurk
It is confirmed and extended an earlier observation that visual information for the speaker’s lip movements profoundly modifies the auditorv perception of natural speech by normally hearing subjects.
Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & PsychiatryPhonological alexia: three dissociations.
454 Citations1979Marie-France Beauvois, J. Derouesné
Three dissociations were observed in a case of alexia: a disturbance of reading, without comparable disturbance of oral expression, oral comprehension, writing, or spelling aloud.
Memory & CognitionFunctions of graphemic and phonemic codes in visual word-recognition
436 Citations1974David E. Meyer, Roger W. Schvaneveldt +1 more
Results suggest that phonological representations play a significant role in visual word recognition and that there is a dependence between successive phonemic-encoding operations.
Journal of Memory and LanguageThe locus of word-frequency effects in the pronunciation task: Lexical access and/or production?
419 Citations1985David A. Balota, James I. Chumbley
The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section APriming and the Effects of Sentence and Lexical Contexts on Naming Time: Evidence for Autonomous Lexical Processing
418 Citations1981K. I. Forster
Journal of Experimental Child PsychologyThe development of grapheme-phoneme correspondence in normal and dyslexic readers
364 Citations1980Margaret J. Snowling
The use of grapheme-phoneme correspondences increased with reading age in the normal readers but not in the dyslexic readers, and it was postulated that dyslexics have a specific difficulty in grapheMe- phoneme conversion.
NeuropsychologiaSyntactic and semantic errors in paralexia
356 Citations1966John C. Marshall, Freda Newcombe
Cognitive PsychologyAn analysis of the word-superiority effect
350 Citations1973Jonathan Baron, Ian Thurston
BrainSEMANTIC ACCESS DYSLEXIA
331 Citations1979Elizabeth K. Warrington, Tim Shallice
The orthodox interpretation of the dyslexia without dysgraphia in terms of a disconnection syndrome is shown to be inappropriate, at least for the present case, where the deficit appears to be within the semantic domain.
British Journal of PsychologyPhonological processes in reading: New evidence from acquired dyslexia
321 Citations1983Elaine Funnell
Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal BehaviorSemantic priming without association: A second look
309 Citations1984Stephen J. Lupker
The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section AThe Use of Abstract Graphemic Information in Lexical Access
301 Citations1981Lindsay Evett, Glyn W. Humphreys
Journal of Experimental Child PsychologyPrinted word learning in beginning readers
296 Citations1983P.H. Reitsma
The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section AReading without Semantics
290 Citations1983Tim Shallice, Elizabeth K. Warrington +1 more
The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section ASurface Dyslexia
288 Citations1983Max Coltheart, Jacqueline Masterson +3 more
Quarterly Journal of Experimental PsychologyWord Recognition in a Phonemic Dyslexic Patient
275 Citations1975Tim Shallice, Elizabeth K. Warrington
It is argued that these findings support a dual encoding model of word recognition, the present case illustrating the impairment of the phonemic route, a direct graphemic-semantic route being relatively spared.
Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & PerformancePreliminary letter identification in the perception of words and nonwords.
272 Citations1976James L. McClelland
Journal of Clinical NeuropsychologyCase study approach in neuropsychological research
267 Citations1979Tim Shallice
The American Journal of PsychologyToward a Psychology of Reading
266 Citations1978Dominic W. Massaro, Arthur S. Reber +1 more
Memory & CognitionSpelling-sound effects in reading: Time-course and decision criteria
258 Citations1985Gloria Waters, Mark S. Seidenberg
The time-course model of word recognition suggests that effects of irregular spelling or pronunciation should be specific to more slowly recognized words, such as lower frequency items, as shown in previous studies and replicated here.
Memory & CognitionPhonological recoding: Is the regularity effect consistent?
249 Citations1982Sally Andrews
Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciencesComponents of the mental lexicon
245 Citations1981D. A. Allport, Elaine Funnell
Quarterly Journal of Experimental PsychologyAphasia, Dyslexia and the Phonological Coding of Written Words
245 Citations1977Karalyn Patterson, Anthony J. Marcel
Memory & CognitionChildren’s and adults’ use of spelling-sound information in three reading tasks
244 Citations1984Gloria Waters, Mark S. Seidenberg +1 more
The fact that irregular spelling-sound correspondences affected performance on the sentence task indicates that access of phonological information is not an artifact of having to read a word aloud or perform a lexical decision.
The Journal of General PsychologyFamiliarity of Letter Sequences and Tachistoscopic Identification
241 Citations1954George A. Miller, Jerome S. Bruner +1 more
Memory & CognitionA word’s meaning affects the decision in lexical decision
237 Citations1984James I. Chumbley, David A. Balota
The results of these experiments indicate that at least some of the effect of word meaning and word frequency in lexical decision is attributable to a decision stage following lexical access.
British Journal of PsychologyConcrete word dyslexia
236 Citations1981Elizabeth K. Warrington
An experimental investigation of a single patient, CAV, with an acquired dyslexia in which there was a significant impairment in his ability to read concrete words compared with abstract words is reported, it is argued that this concrete word reading deficit provides a further example of category specificity in the organization of the semantic systems subserving reading.
Memory & CognitionAutomatic phonological priming in visual word recognition
230 Citations1982Glyn W. Humphreys, Lindsay Evett +1 more
The results suggest that automatic access to phonology can occur in visual word recognition and that it operates by means of a lexical route.
British Journal of PsychologyNeuropsychological approaches to the study of reading
220 Citations1981Karalyn Patterson
The four patterns of reading impairment seem to relate in an orderly way to these dimensions, manipulations and issues drawn from the literature on normal word recognition and production, which favour the position that neuropsychological observations are germane to conceptions of normal reading.
The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section AOne Process, Not Two, in Reading Aloud: Lexical Analogies Do the Work of Non-Lexical Rules
215 Citations1981Janice Kay, Anthony J. Marcel
The presence in critical non-words of morphemes pronounced consistently or inconsistently with the biased pronunciations significantly affected biasing makes the case for lexical analogy theory even stronger.
Memory & CognitionPhonological recoding and lexical access
213 Citations1978Eileen Davelaar, Max Coltheart +2 more
Quarterly Journal of Experimental PsychologyPhonological Encoding in the Lexical Decision Task
210 Citations1979Max Coltheart, Derek Besner +2 more
It was concluded that access to lexical entries in lexical decision experiments of this sort does not proceed by sometimes or always phonologically recoding visually-presented words.
Journal of Experimental Child PsychologyAcquisition and use of spelling-sound correspondences in reading
205 Citations1984Joan E. Backman, Margaret Bruck +2 more
Cognitive NeuropsychologyDevelopmental dyslexia: a cognitive experimental analysis of phonological, morphemic, and visual impairments
201 Citations1984Philip H. K. Seymour, Cameron MacGregor
Brain and LanguageLexical decision for open- and closed-class words: Failure to replicate differential frequency sensitivity
199 Citations1982Barry Gordon, Alfonso Caramazza
Comparisons of the members of the two classes which might straddle the function’s inflection point must be made with extreme caution, because reaction time may be a nonlinear function of log frequency, and because there is relatively little overlap between the frequency ranges of theTwo classes.
Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and CognitionRelation between pronunciation and recognition of printed words in deep and shallow orthographies.
198 Citations1983Leonard Katz, Laurie Beth Feldman
It was hypothesized that reliance on articulatory coding would be greater for Serbo-Croatian because its shallow orthography would allow more efficient use of spelling-to-speech correspondences, and results suggested an influence of the internal lexicon on both recognition and pronunciation.
Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & PerformancePerceptual flexibility in word recognition: Strategies affect orthographic computation but not lexical access.
194 Citations1978Thomas H. Carr, Brian J. Davidson +1 more
Dissociation between word and pseudoword identification indicates the operation of two independent encoding mechanisms during tachistoscopic recognition, a stimulus-specific or logogenlike system sensitive to particular familiar strings and an orthographic mechanism sensitive to generally applicable constraints on letter sequencing.
Quarterly Journal of Experimental PsychologyReading without Phonology: Evidence from Aphasia
179 Citations1977Eleanor M. Saffran, Oscar S.M. Marin
Child DevelopmentOrthographic and Word-specific Mechanisms in Children's Reading of Words
169 Citations1979Jonathan Baron
Language and SpeechA Note on the Informativeness of Parts of Words
166 Citations1958Jerome S. Bruner, Donald D. O’Dowd
Memory & CognitionExperiments on the spelling-to-sound regularity effect in word recognition
158 Citations1978Keith E. Stanovich, David W. Bauer
Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & PerformanceThe role of orthographic and phonotactic rules in perceiving letter patterns.
148 Citations1975Kathryn T. Spoehr, Edward E. Smith
Memory & CognitionThe effects of graphemic, phonetic, and semantic relationships on access to lexical structures
143 Citations1978Harvey G. Shulman, Rosemary Hornak +1 more
Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal BehaviorExperimental tests of a hierarchical model of word identification
141 Citations1980James C. Johnston, James L. McClelland
A hierarchical model is presented which explains why people are more accurate in perceiving a briefly presented letter when it appears in a word than when it appearing alone (the Word—Letter Phenomenon).
Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & PsychiatryPhonological processing in reading: data from alexia.
120 Citations1979J. Derouesné, Marie-France Beauvois
A double dissociation observed in the results is strong evidence for the existence of two functionally independent kinds of phonological processing in reading--a graphemic and a phonetic one.
Memory & CognitionAn alternative to grapheme-phoneme conversion rules?
120 Citations1982Marcus Taft
When orthographic factors were tightly controlled in a lexical decision task, it was observed that orthographic similarity rather than homophony with a word led to increased reaction times to nonwords, suggesting that the pseudohomophone effect is not a phonological effect.
Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & PerformanceFlexible coding in word recognition.
119 Citations1976Harold L. Hawkins, Gerald M. Reicher +2 more
The findings were interpreted as showing that more than one type of coding process can underly the word superiority effect in word recognition when phonetic information does not discriminate well among response alternatives.
Journal of Experimental Child PsychologyIndividual differences among children in spelling and reading styles
116 Citations1984Rebecca Treiman
Evidence is found for a Phoenician-Chinese continuum in spelling as well as in reading and for children who were skilled at rules tended to overgeneralize them to exception words.
Memory & CognitionThe interaction of pronunciation rules and lexical representations in reading aloud
107 Citations1985Mary Beth Rosson
The pronunciation times from both experiments displayed an interaction between rules and lexical information: When the rules necessary were strong, the relative availability of lexical Information was less important than when the rules were weak.
Memory & CognitionLexical access and the spelling-to-sound regularity effect
105 Citations1980David W. Bauer, Keith E. Stanovich
It is argued that the obtained results are incompatible with traditional dual process models of lexical access and fully compatible with Glushko’s model, and it is concluded that spelling-to-sound regularity is not a property of a word in isolation, but rather a property in the context of visually similar words that are activated in the course of recognition.
Quarterly Journal of Experimental PsychologyPhonemic Dyslexia: Errors of Meaning and the Meaning of Errors
100 Citations1978Karalyn Patterson
A theoretical account of the processing of written words by normal readers and by phonemic dyslexics shows differences as a function of error type, with patients generally identifying semantic paralexias as errors but classifying derivational and visual paraleXias as correct readings.
Memory & CognitionPhonological recoding in lexical decision: Effects of spelling-to-sound regularity depend on how regularity is defined
97 Citations1982Alan J. Parkin
The results of two contrasting accounts of lexieal access in reading indicate the existence of a phonological receding stage in reading and suggest that the phonological Recoding system is more flexible than was previously thought.
The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section AThe Pseudohomophone Effect: The Role of Visual Similarity in Non-Word Decisions
88 Citations1982Randi C. Martin
The results suggest that most previous findings of the pseudohomophone effect result from the greater visual rather than phonological similarity of the Pseudohomophones to words, and implies that phonological coding is an optional rather than a slow, but obligatory process.
Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal BehaviorPhonological recording and use of spelling-sound rules in reading of sentences
85 Citations1983Rebecca Treiman, Jennifer J. Freyd +1 more
Memory & CognitionFrom SOFA to LOUCH: Lexical contributions to pseudoword pronunciation
85 Citations1983Mary Beth Rosson
Three experiments tested the possibility that lexical information may contribute to the pronunciation of nonwords with the logic of spreading activation, finding a decrease in naming latencies for target words preceded by either related words or pseudowords created from those words, implicating lexical activity in pseudoword pronunciation.
Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal BehaviorPhonological encoding in visual word recognition
81 Citations1978Kathryn T. Spoehr
Three experiments use a tachistoscopic word recognition task to investigate how skilled readers convert visual input into a speech-related, or phonological code during reading, and confirm the predicted phoneme-length effect and demonstrate that subjects' use of phonological encoding may change with varying reading conditions.
Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & PsychiatrySurface Dyslexia: Neuropsychological and Cognitive Studies of Phonological Reading
80 Citations1987Douglas A. Baxter
This volume will be of interest to some specialist libraries, but it is to be hoped that Dr Netsell will, in a few years time, produce a book describing his subject in more particular detail than he has been able to here.
Journal of Experimental Child PsychologyPhonological coding in good and poor readers
78 Citations1982Pam Briggs, Geoffrey Underwood
Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal BehaviorFurther evidence for a relationship between memory access and reading ability
76 Citations1980Mark D. Jackson
It is suggested that better readers have faster access to memory representations for any meaningful visual pattern, and this advantage is not the result of more practice or experience with the particular items tested.
Journal of Experimental Child PsychologyThe development of visual information processing skills related to reading
75 Citations1978James F. Juola, Margaret Schadler +2 more
Although response times decreased with age, the three oldest groups showed similar effects for the size and structure of the displays, and response times increased linearly with the number of display letters, and responses were faster for word and pseudoword displays than for nonwords.
Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciencesThe psycholinguistic analysis of acquired dyslexias: some illustrations
74 Citations1982Max Coltheart
This work claims that the model-building approach to the neuropsychology of cognitive function must take precedence over the other two approaches, and describes current work of a psycholinguistic nature dealing with two acquired disorders of reading: phonological dyslexia and surface Dyslexia.
Perception & PsychophysicsPhonological codes and functional spelling units: Reality and implications
74 Citations1981Linda Pring
The grapheme-to-phoneme correspondence procedure for generating nonlexical phonological codes comprises two stages and it was found that disrupting the spelling units, by alternating the case of letters within the units, caused the pseudohomophone effect to be abolished and was considered in the light of the recent “activation and synthesis” model proposed by Glushko (1979.
Journal of Experimental Child PsychologyEncoding and contextual components of word recognition in good and poor readers
73 Citations1983Greg B. Simpson, Thomas C. Lorsbach +1 more
Under conditions in which stimulus encoding is slow, contextual factors may compensate for this encoding deficit and the contextual benefit was greater with degraded words than with intact words, and this interaction was especially pronounced in the poor readers.
The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section AThis and THAP — Constraints on the Pronunciation of New, Written Words
67 Citations1981Ruth Campbell, Derek Besner
Findings are inconsistent with the current dual process theory of the routes from print to sound which implies that the phonology of a new word or nonword can be derived only from a form of letter-sound correspondence which is independent of lexical/syntactic pressures.
Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & PsychiatryModality specific word comprehension deficits in deep dyslexia.
65 Citations1980Tim Shallice, Anthony Coughlan
It is argued that deep dyslexia can result from a modality-specific deficit in attaining the meaning of words together with a disorder of the phonological reading route.
Brain and LanguageSurface dyslexia: A case report and some theoretical implications to reading models
65 Citations1982Gérard Deloche, Evelyne Andreewsky +1 more
It was found that some semantic information about written words could be retrieved from both phonological and nonphonological processes presumably operating concurrently and both providing converging or conflicting pieces of meaning to the understanding of written words.
CognitionRace models and analogy theories: A dead heat? Reply to Seidenberg
63 Citations1985Dennis Norris, Gordon D. A. Brown
CognitionWord shape, orthographic regularity, and contextual interactions in a reading task
59 Citations1982Geoffrey Underwood, Katherine Bargh
An interaction of information during word recognition is suggested, with the removal of the word envelope leading to a greater dependence upon other intrinsic and extrinsic information.
Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & PerformanceRole of visual familiarity in the word-superiority effects obtained with the simultaneous-matching task.
59 Citations1978Gail A. Bruder
All three studies showed visual familiarity to be responsible for differences in slope over sequence length between words and nonwords, and the implications of these data for models of word processing were discussed.
Memory & CognitionEvidence for an abstract lexical representation of word structure
56 Citations1984Marcus Taft
This result suggests, first, that inflected words are represented in the lexicon as stem plus affix and, second, that silent reading involves a more abstract phonological representation than the actual phonetic representation produced by reading aloud.
Perception & PsychophysicsIsolating visual units in the perception of words and nonwords
56 Citations1977Glen A. Taylor, Timothy J. Miller +1 more
…