Memory: Neural Organization and Behavior

Abstract

The sections in this article are: 1 Definitions: From Synapses to Behavior 2 What is Memory? Neurobiological Questions 2.1 The Nature of Synaptic Change 2.2 Neurons Versus Synapses 2.3 Competition 2.4 Remembering and Forgetting 3 What is Memory? Neuropsychological Questions 3.1 Memory Determined by Information Processing 3.1.1 Visual Processing and Visual Memory 3.1.2 Extraordinary Processing and Extraordinary Memory 3.2 A Taxonomy of Memory 3.2.1 Short-Term and Long-Term Memory 3.2.2 Declarative and Procedural Memory 3.2.3 Episodic and Semantic Memory 3.3 Summary 4 Where is Memory? 4.1 Two Historical Views: Localized Versus Distributed Memory 4.1.1 Nonlocalizing Brain Lesions 4.1.2 Nonlocalizing Signs from Neurophysiology 4.1.3 Memory as a Hologram 4.1.4 Distributed Models of Memory in Cognitive Psychology 4.1.5 Localizationist and Distributed Accounts of Memory Reconciled 4.1.6 Searching for Functionally Equivalent Neural Units 4.2 Locating the Engram 4.2.1 Habituation: An Example of Nonassociative Adaptive Change 4.2.2 Classical Conditioning 4.2.3 Complex Learning and Cortical Memory Storage 4.2.4 The Penfield Experiments 4.2.5 Every Cell Cannot be Plastic 4.3 Summary 5 How is memory organized? 5.1 Modulation of Memory by Neurotransmitters and Hormones 5.1.1 Modulatory Systems 5.1.2 Norepinephrine and Memory 5.1.3 Acetylcholine 5.1.4 Hormones 5.1.5 Modulation of Memory: One or Many Effects? 5.2 Amnesia: A Selective Clinical Syndrome 5.2.1 Brain Regions Damaged in Amnesia 5.2.2 Diencephalic Amnesia 5.2.3 Medial Temporal Amnesia 5.2.4 From Brain Lesions to Neural Systems 5.3 Amnesia as a Window on Normal Function 5.3.1 Function of the Damaged Neural System 5.4 Prefrontal Cortex 5.4.1 Sulcus Principalis and Dorsolateral Convexity 5.4.2 Clinical Neuropsychological Studies of Patients with Frontal Lesions 5.4.3 Prefrontal Cortex and Memory Functions 5.5 Specific Events Versus Cumulative Experience 5.6 Summary