Risk factors for HIV-1 seroconversion among injection drug users: a case-control study.
American Journal of Public HealthPublished 1 November 1995Open access
Dale D. Chitwood, David Griffin, Mary Comerford, J. Bryan Page, Edward Trapido, Shenghan Lai
Citations68
SJR quartileQ1
SJR score1.93
SNIP1.60
Generate an AI Snapshot to get a quick, structured summary of this paper.
Study Snapshot
ObjectiveStudy objective
MethodsResearch methodology
PopulationPopulation studied
Sample sizeSample sizes
OutcomesStudy outcomes here
ResultsStudy results comes here
LimitationsResearch study limitations comes here
A concise AI-generated summary of the paper will appear here once you click Generate AI Snapshot.
TL;DR
Both an injection component and a sexual component play a role in seroconversion among injection drug users, although the injection component is much stronger.
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: A nested case-control study was conducted in Miami, Fla, to determine risk factors associated with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) seroconversion among injection drug users. METHODS: The study identified 21 incident cases of HIV-1 infection and 76 unmatched controls from two longitudinal cohorts of injection drug users. One cohort consisted of individuals who originally had been recruited from treatment centers; a second cohort was recruited from the "street." Logistic regression analyses that adjusted for age, gender, and race were performed. RESULTS: The final model determined that the primary independent risk factor that best explained the risk for seroconversion was sharing injection equipment in the year prior to conversion; a marginal risk factor was presence of sexually transmitted disease during this same period. CONCLUSIONS: Both an injection component and a sexual component play a role in seroconversion among injection drug users, although the injection component is much stronger.
Keywords
Social SciencesMedicine
New England Journal of MedicineRisk Factors for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in Intravenous Drug Users
499 Citations1989Ellie E. Schoenbaum, Diana Hartel +6 more
Differences in both the social setting of drug use and behavior related to injection carry different risks for infection with HIV and may explain, in part, the higher seroprevalence of HIV among blacks and Hispanics.
American Journal of Public HealthHuman immunodeficiency virus infection in heterosexual intravenous drug users in San Francisco.
278 Citations1987Richard E. Chaisson, Andrew R. Moss +3 more
Seropositivity was not associated with age, sex, duration of drug use, or history of prostitution, and data indicate that a new epidemic of AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) in intravenous drug users, similar to that which has occurred among homosexuals in San Francisco, is possible.
Statistics in MedicineCross‐validation in survival analysis
272 Citations1993Paul E. Verweij, Hans C. van Houwelingen
A measure of the predictive value of the Cox proportional hazards model, computed from the leave-one-out regression coefficients, is constructed, which can also be used to calculate a shrinkage factor which can be applied to improve the predictions and that can be used in R2-type measures of the proportion of explained variation.
PubMedRisk factors for infection with human immunodeficiency virus among intravenous drug abusers in New York City.
269 Citations1987Michael Marmor, D. C. Des Jarlais +8 more
Programmes aimed at prevention of HIV infection should focus on reducing use of shooting galleries and sharing of needles and syringes as well as reducing intravenous drug abuse generally.
AIDSHIV seroconversion in intravenous drug users in San Francisco, 1985–1990
179 Citations1994Andrew R. Moss, Karen Vranizan +4 more
The 1985–1990 HIV seroconversion rate in IVDU was comparable to that in San Francisco cohorts of homosexual men (1.4% ppy), and a decline in HIV serconversion coincided with changes in risk behavior.
The Journal of Infectious DiseasesSyphilis and HIV Infection
133 Citations1989Edward W. Hook
Dr. Edward W. Hook III discusses the critical clinical questions relevant to syphilis in persons with HIV infection and examines and describes new aspects of this age-old infection.
Archives of Internal MedicineThe association of syphilis with risk of human immunodeficiency virus infection in patients attending sexually transmitted disease clinics
122 Citations1990Thomas C. Quinn
American Journal of Public HealthHIV infection, genital ulcer disease, and crack cocaine use among patients attending a clinic for sexually transmitted diseases.
115 Citations1991K Chirgwin, Jack DeHovitz +2 more
The association between HIV infection and GUD seen here may be secondary to high-risk sexual behavior, which in turn may be partially attributable to crack cocaine use and drug-related prostitution.
AIDSChanges in HIV risk behaviour in clients of syringe-exchange schemes in England and Scotland
92 Citations1989Martin C. Donoghoe, Gerry V. Stimson +2 more
Overall, changes in HIV risk behaviour show small but encouraging trends and support arguments that injectors can be helped to change their behaviour, which could be of cumulative importance in reducing the spread of HIV.
The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol AbuseTrends of HIV-1 Risk Reduction among Initiates into Intravenous Drug Use 1982–1987
74 Citations1991David Vlahov, James C. Anthony +3 more
There is a shift toward lower risk practices among new IVDUs between 1982 and 1987, and the shift from heroin to cocaine is compatible with other evidence on the cocaine epidemic.
AIDSSeroconversion in patients attending sexually transmitted disease clinics
73 Citations1994William J. Kassler, Jonathan M. Zenilman +4 more
These data suggest increasing heterosexual transmission of HIV in this inner-city STD clinic population, in particular gonorrhea, may increase a patient's risk for HIV infection, suggesting that patients with STD should be targeted aggressively tor HIV prevention activities.
The Journal of Infectious DiseasesSexually Transmitted Diseases in a Population of Intravenous Drug Users: Association with Seropositivity to the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
73 Citations1991Kenrad E. Nelson, David Vlahov +5 more
Archives of Internal MedicineThe Association of Syphilis With Risk of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in Patients Attending Sexually Transmitted Disease Clinics
72 Citations1990Thomas C. Quinn
Data demonstrate the strong association between syphilis and HIV infection and the importance of heterosexual HIV transmission in patients attending sexually transmitted disease clinics and underscores the need for a more comprehensive control program for sexually transmitted diseases.
American Journal of EpidemiologyRACIAL/ETHNIC DIFFERENCES IN HTV-1 SEROPREVALENCE AND RISKY BEHAVIORS AMONG INTRAVENOUS DRUG USERS IN A MULTISITE STUDY
67 Citations1990Beryl A. Koblin, Jane McCusker +2 more
The different patterns of drug-use and sexual behaviors by race/ethnicity indicate the need for interventions targeted to specific populations.
American Journal of EpidemiologyDifferences in Risk Factors for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Seroconversion among Male and Female Intravenous Drug Users
60 Citations1993Liza Solomon, Jacquie Astemborski +5 more
The small sample size may have limited the ability to ascertain differences in risks of seroconversion among males and females, and data suggest that sexual transmission contributes to HIV infection among intravenous drug users, especially women.
Medical Anthropology QuarterlyIntravenous Drug Use and HIV Infection in Miami
56 Citations1990J. Bryan Page, Dale D. Chitwood +3 more
Survey data indicate a statistically significant relationship between injection frequency and antibody seropositivity for the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), and in-depth interview data on values associated with needle use indicate that interventions focused on needle cleaning can be effective in this population.
American Journal of Public HealthDemographic characteristics, risk behaviors, and HIV seroprevalence among intravenous drug users by site of contact: results from a community-wide HIV surveillance project.
53 Citations1990Jane McCusker, Beryl A. Koblin +2 more
Investigation of differences in behaviors important for human immunodeficiency virus transmission and HIV antibody status among 927 recent needle users enrolled in a multi-site HIV surveillance project in Worcester, Massachusetts found risky sexual practices were in general reported more frequently by men at the jail than men at other sites.
American Journal of Public HealthHIV prevalence and risk behavior among injecting drug users who participate in "low-threshold" methadone programs in Amsterdam.
52 Citations1992C. Hartgers, A van den Hoek +2 more
The results suggest that the Amsterdam low-threshold methadone programs fail to diminish HIV risk behavior, and if these programs want to have a positive effect on the spread of HIV, expansion of existing HIV prevention efforts, an increase in the daily methamphetamineadone dose level, and measures to enforce regular attendance may be required.
Journal of the American Statistical AssociationAn Algorithm for Exact Logistic Regression
49 Citations1984David Tritchler
British Journal of AddictionPositive modification of injecting behavior among intravenous heroin users from Milan and Northern Italy 1987–1989
42 Citations1991Alfredo Nicolosi, Silvia Molinari +4 more
Detoxication therapy, combined with HIV testing and counseling proved effective in reducing heroin assumption and the frequency of syringe sharing, whereas the prevalence of risk behaviors in i.v. drug users at recruitment over the years 1987-1988 showed no change, or even increased, despite of general information and health education campaigns against AIDS.
Annals of OncologySpecial article: The epidemiology of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and associated tumours in Europe
39 Citations1992Diego Serraino, Silvia Franceschi +2 more
From the first reports in 1981 of European cases of AIDS until 1987, AIDS spread faster in the northern and central areas than elsewhere in the European region, while in eastern Europe AIDS is still in an early phase.
PubMedHIV infection and AIDS risk behaviors among intravenous drug users entering methadone treatment in selected U.S. cities.
34 Citations1991Battjes Rj, Pickens Rw +1 more
Comparisons of trends in recent risk behaviors within cities suggest that relatively little reduction in AIDS risk behaviors had occurred during the study, compared with previous years.
International Journal of EpidemiologyDeterminants of HIV-1 Infection in Intravenous Drug Users in Valencia, Spain, 1987–1991
23 Citations1993Ildefonso Hernández‐Aguado, Francisco Bolúmar
From 1987 through 1991, 2687 intravenous drug users recruited at three AIDS information centres in the Region of Valencia (Spain) were interviewed about drug use and sexual behaviour and subsequently tested for HIV-1 antibody, finding high seroprevalence and a decreasing trend of prevalence with time was observed.
International Journal of EpidemiologyGeographical Variations in the Prevalence of HIV Infection among Drug Users Receiving Ambulatory Treatment in Spain
22 Citations1993Pablo Lardelli, Luís de la Fuente +4 more
To identify the factors responsible for the regional differences in HIV-positive serostatus among drug users in Spain receiving outpatient treatment, the 17 autonomous regions into which Spain is divided were classified as high or low prevalence groups depending on the prevalence of seropositivity.
The Journal of Nervous and Mental DiseaseAttitudes toward Narcotic Addiction
19 Citations1987David N. Nurco, John W. Shaffer +4 more
Drugs & SocietyA Comparison of HIV Related Risk Behaviors of Street Recruited and Treatment Program Recruited Injection Drug Users
16 Citations1993Dale D. Chitwood, James R. Rivers +2 more
Similar proportions of street and treatment IDUs injected daily, but street IDUs were more likely to share works, inject in shooting galleries, use crack and alcohol daily, have multiple sex partners and have IDU sex partners.
American Journal of EpidemiologyThe Changing Pattern of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection in Intravenous Drug Users
15 Citations1992Nino Romano, Francesco Vitale +6 more
Although new HIV-1 infections still occur, the decline in seroprevalence observed at the end of the 1980s might be related to modifications in social behavior among newer drug users, partial exhaustion of the susceptible population, and increasing risk awareness in more experienced users.
Journal of Drug IssuesThe Implementation of an Experimental Research Design in the Evaluation of an Intervention to Prevent AIDS among IV Drug Users
15 Citations1990Clyde B. McCoy, Dale D. Chitwood +2 more
A demonstration project, currently in progress in Miami, is using an experimental research design to evaluate an AIDS intervention program among IV drug users and the sexual partners ofIV drug users.
Journal of Drug EducationDrug-Related HIV Risk Behaviors and Cocaine Preference among Injection Drug Users in Los Angeles
12 Citations1993Douglas Longshore, M. Douglas Anglin +2 more
Results suggest that local preventive education programs do not need to address distinctive patterns of drug-related risk behavior among injection cocaine users and injection heroin users in Los Angeles.
Antibiotics and chemotherapy/Antibiotica et chemotherapiaKaposi�s Sarcoma in Italy, a Country with Intravenous Drug Users as the Main Group Affected by HIV Infection1
9 Citations2015Umberto Tirelli, Emanuela Vaccher +9 more