Torsion in protoplasm

A molecular interpretation of the structural basis of spiral form and movement in protoplasm is given, based on the known asymmetry of molecules, which shows that there is a gradual lessening in the force applied and a consequent unwrapping of the protoplasmsic thread.

Abstract

1. A delicate glass needle suspended in a horizontal position on the end of a freely hanging strand of myxomycete protoplasm swings alternately to the right and to the left through an arc of about 40° when the protoplasm is in a state of flow. 2. The swing of the needle is the result of a twisting of the living thread, brought about by streaming of the protoplasm. 3. As a result of the spiral twist produced by streaming, a state of torsion is set up in the protoplasm. 4. The period of swing of the needle is half the period of rhythmic flow in one direction. 5. That the period of swing is but one-half the period of flow is due to a gradually increasing force brought about by increase in rate of flow up to the mid point of movement in one direction, after which there is a gradual lessening in the force applied and a consequent unwrapping of the protoplasmic thread. 6. A molecular interpretation of the structural basis of spiral form and movement in protoplasm is given, based on the known asymmetry of molecules.