Development and Construct Validation of the Swedish Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory

Abstract

In this study, we developed and evaluated a Swedish version of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI; Zimbardo & Boyd, 1999 ). The original version of the ZTPI was extended by including a Future Negative scale, and the psychometric properties of both versions were examined in a sample of 419 adults aged between 18 and 80 years. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) provided support both for the original five-factor solution proposed by Zimbardo and Boyd (1999 ) in a Swedish sample and for a six-factor solution with the Future Negative scale as an independent factor. These findings extend the original ZTPI and suggest that negative feelings about the future constitute a central dimension of the temporal perspective. The Swedish Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (S-ZTPI) provides a reliable and valid instrument for measuring time perspective in the context of Swedish research and to be beneficial in its application in multiple areas of psychology and related disciplines.