What determines the age at the menopause?
BMJPublished 1 June 1991Open access
Jill P. Ginsberg
Citations112
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Abstract
perceive the standard of general practice to-have been at a low ebb, the worst advice for a patient with chest pain was reckoned to be "take two aspirins and go to casualty"; nowadays the very best advice is to "take one aspirin and go as fast as possible to the nearest hospital coronary care unit."
Keywords
Medicine
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciencesA quantitative and cytological study of germ cells in human ovaries
1,091 Citations1963T. G. Baker
Foetal, neonatal and post-natal human ovaries were studied with the object of correlating cytological changes in the germ cells with fluctuations in their numbers, and three ‘waves’ of degeneration were observed, affecting oogonia undergoing mitosis, oocytes principally at the pachytene stage and oocytes at the diplotene stage.
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & MetabolismFollicular Depletion During the Menopausal Transition: Evidence for Accelerated Loss and Ultimate Exhaustion*
716 Citations1987Sandra J. Richardson, Vyta Senikas +1 more
The mean number of primordial follicles in the ovaries of women who were still menstruating regularly was 10-fold higher than that in perimenopausal women, and follicles were virtually absent in the postmenopausal ovaries.
The LancetRELATION BETWEEN SMOKING AND AGE OF NATURAL MENOPAUSE
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The relation of cigarette smoking to natural menopause has been evaluated in two independent sets of data and, at each age from 44 to 53 years, more current smokers were post-menopausal compared to "never" smokers.
New England Journal of MedicineCigarette Smoking and Levels of Adrenal Androgens in Postmenopausal Women
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The results suggest that the possible decreased risk of breast and endometrial cancer associated with cigarette smoking may not be mediated through lower levels of endogenous estrogen, at least in postmenopausal women, and they raise questions about the role of androgens in disease mechanisms in older populations.
New England Journal of MedicineFamilial Premature Ovarian Failure Due to an Interstitial Deletion of the Long Arm of the X Chromosome
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Findings in a family in which four women had menstrual irregularities and a partial deletion of the long arm of the X chromosome help clarify the role of Xq in ovarian function and indicate that the accurate description of such abnormalities requires a combination of cytogenetic and DNA-hybrids analysis.
Journal of Biosocial ScienceAn investigation of the age at menopause
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The conclusions are reached that median age of menopause is a more valid measurement than mean age and that there is no conclusive evidence of an increase in the age atMenopause over the last century.
American Journal of Public HealthCigarette smoking and age at natural menopause.
165 Citations1980David W. Kaufman, Dennis Slone +3 more
In a cohort of 656 naturally postmenopausal women who were interviewed at age 60 to 69 years, the mean age at menopause declined with increasing number of cigarettes smoked, from 49.4 years of age among women who had never smoked to 47.6 years of Age Among women who smoked at least 15 cigarettes per day.
The LancetSMOKING AND INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION, AND THEIR EFFECTS ON MENOPAUSE AND OVARIAN CANCER
149 Citations1978Donald R. Mattison, SnorriS. Thorgeirsson
The rodent ovary contains an enzyme system capable of metabolising poly-cyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to reactive electrophilic intermediates known to cause cytotoxicity, mutation, and cancer, which could explain the earlier menopause in cigarette smokers and the higher incidence of ovarian cancer in industrialised areas.
Annals of the New York Academy of SciencesVITAMIN E AND SELENIUM PROTECTION FROM <i>IN VIVO</i> LIPID PEROXIDATION*
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These examples show that practical information on interactions involving in vivo lipid peroxidation can be obtained by studies that use the pentane method.
Annals of the New York Academy of SciencesFollicular Depletion during the Menopausal Transition
143 Citations1990Sandra J. Richardson, James F. Nelson
It is hypothesize that the elevated FSH levels observed in normal women in the decade preceding the menopause may be responsible for this apparent acceleration in the rate of follicle loss.
PubMedMenarche, menopause, and intervening fecundability.
130 Citations1974Alan E. Treloar
It is suggested that average age at menarche in the USA may have begun an upswing in recent decades, and the influence of "anovulatory menstrual cycles" in reducing that potential is illustrated using Vollman's conclusions from his extensive basal body temperature histories.
Annals of Human BiologyCigarette smoking and the age at menopause
120 Citations1982Michael Adena, Hugh Gallagher
The age-specific probability of natural compared with surgically induced menopause was shown to be independent of smoking history and obesity, and logistic regression analysis was used to show that obesity, alcohol intake and regular use of aspirin and other analgesics, sedatives, tranquillizers or anti-depressants did not affect the distribution of the age at natural menopausal age.
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & MetabolismAndrogen and Estrogen Dynamics in Pre- and Postmenopausal Women: A Comparison Between Smokers and Nonsmokers*
108 Citations1988Christopher Longcope, C. Conrad Johnston
The results indicate that smoking does not alter the production and metabolism of androgens and estrogens in pre- and postmenopausal women, however, because the women who smoked were less heavy than those who were nonsmokers, their androgen and estrogen MCRs were lower, leading to a greater plasma A concentration.
ReproductionDevelopment of the gonad in normal and anencephalic human fetuses
98 Citations1980T. G. Baker, J.B. Scrimgeour
Oogonia increased in number by mitotic divisions, oocytes progressed through meiotic prophase to the diplotene stage, and primordial follicles formed normally, by contrast, 'growing' and small antral follicles, which are a constant feature of control ovaries, were not observed in the anencephalic specimens.
Journal of EndocrinologyTHE EFFECT OF HYPOPHYSECTOMY ON AGE CHANGES IN THE OVARIES OF MICE
78 Citations1961ESTHER C. JONES, P. L. KROHN
MaturitasA new way of looking at environmental variables that may affect the age at menopause
65 Citations1978Pascale Brand, P. Lehert
Environmental variables that might affect the age at menopause were analysed by means of the segmentation method AID and marital status, occupation, smoking habits, age at last pregnancy and height were shown to be significant discriminating variables.
Acta Medica ScandinavicaIs Cigarette Smoking a Promoter of the Menopause?
56 Citations1982Frederikke Schelde Andersen, I. Transbel +1 more
Differences in respect to the menopausal status were not observable in the oldest and the youngest two age groups comprising just a few per cent of post-menopausal women, however, heavy smokers in the other two agegroups had passed the menopause earlier than the non-smokers (p less than 0.001).
Human GeneticsX long-arm deletions. A review of non-mosaic cases studied with banding techniques
44 Citations1984Lillian Skibsted, Henrik Westh +1 more
It is suggested that preservation of bands Xq26→28 may be decisive for normal ovarian function.
PubMedMean age at menopause and menarche in South Africa.
38 Citations1971Géraldine Frère
Mean age of menopause of 744 Whites and 1319 Bantu with differing rates of cancer of the uterus were compared in a survey of the Johannesburg hospital patients to establish whether nutrition affects the mean age at menarche.
Fertility and SterilityCigarette smoking and other correlates of cytologic estrogen effect in postmenopausal women
15 Citations1988John A. Baron, Priscilla Adams +1 more
The mechanisms underlying the antiestrogenic effect of cigarette smoking are elucidated and support the concept that obesity is associated with an estrogenic effect.
Fertility and SterilityFertility and Menopause in Blind Women
11 Citations1981Steven Lehrer
Light and light-dark cycles have a significant effect in regulating the reproductive cycles of some mammals and in human beings, and the presence of a pineal effect on the fertility of human being s is a widely cited piece of evidence.