Biological Monitoring of Cadmium
Published 1 January 1988
Gunnar F. Nordberg, Monica Nordberg
Citations72
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TL;DR
The main part of this review will deal with the metabolic model of cadmium and the possibilities of accurate analysis in biological media.
Abstract
For an understanding of the possibilities and needs for biological monitoring of cadmium, it is necessary to briefly review occurrence in the environment. The main part of this review, however, will deal with the metabolic model of cadmium and the possibilities of accurate analysis in biological media. More detailed reviews are available (Friberg et al., 1985, 1986a,b).
Keywords
NursingEnvironmental Science
Environmental Pollution Series A Ecological and BiologicalHandbook on the toxicology of metals
2,845 Citations1980
This new edition is a comprehensive review of the effects on biological systems from metallic elements and their compounds and special emphasis has been placed on the toxic effects in humans with chapters on the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of metal poisoning.
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Comparison of the inductions by Cd and Hg shows that the kinetics of metallothionein-I mRNA accumulation as well as the stability of the resultant met allothioneins differ.
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Life SciencesMetallothioneins and their role in the metabolism and toxicity of metals
403 Citations1978M. George Cherian, Robert A. Goyer
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319 Citations1956J Parízek
It has been shown that the subcutaneous application of small amounts of cadmium salts results in a rapid destruction of all tissues of the testicle.
Environmental ResearchA kinetic model of cadmium metabolism in the human being
299 Citations1978Tord Kjellström, Gunnar F. Nordberg
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271 Citations1985T. W. Clarkson, Gunnar F. Nordberg +1 more
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268 Citations1976Carl‐Gustaf Elinder, Tord Kjellström +2 more
Based on the more pronounced cadmium accumulation among smokers than nonsmokers, the respiratory absorption rate of Cadmium from tobacco smoke is estimated to be approximately 50%.
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226 Citations1972GeorgeP. Lewis, LindaL. Coughlin +2 more
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210 Citations1975Nordberg Gf, R A Goyer +1 more
It was shown that Cadmium-metallothionein complex injected into mice results in higher cadmium levels in renal cortex and more severe renal tubular cell injury than a comparable dose of cadMium chloride administered by the same route.
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208 Citations1979Tord Kjellström
It was found that the cadmium intake via food among adults is about 35 μg/day in Japan (Tokyo) and about 17 μg/ day in the U.S. (Dallas) and Sweden (Stockholm).
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206 Citations1983S. Takenaka, H. Oldiges +3 more
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205 Citations1983Lars Järup, Artur Rogenfelt +3 more
The results confirm that there is a very long whole-body biological half-time for cadmium, and the estimated half-times are similar to those obtained with different methods.
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205 Citations1981Harry A. Roels, R. Lauwerys +5 more
It has been found that kidney dysfunction is likely to develop in workers with CdL between 30 and 60 ppm and that almost all the Cd workers above 60 ppm evidence renal dysfunction, and there exists a range of critical CdKc levels, i.e., approximately from 160 to 285 ppm.
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Mortality from respiratory cancer and from nonmalignant gastrointestinal disease was significantly greater among the cadmium workers than would have been expected from U.S. rates, and a statistically significant dose-response relationship was observed between lung cancer mortality and cumulative exposure to cad mium.
Archives of Environmental Health An International JournalEpidemiological Survey of Workers Exposed to Cadmium
165 Citations1974R. Lauwerys, J. P. Buchet +3 more
The electrophoretic pattern of the urinary proteins suggests that the lesion is first glomerular and later becomes predominantly tubular (mixed proteinuria), and a slight but significant reduction in forced vital capacity, in forced expiratory volume in one second, and in peak expiratories flow rate was found in E3 workers.
Cadmium and Health: A Toxicological and Epidemiological Appraisal
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156 Citations1985C G Elinder, Tord Kjellström +3 more
Long term, high level exposure to cadmium is associated with an increased risk of cancer and the role of concomitant exposure to nickel needs further study.
Environmental ResearchStudies on metallothionein and cadmium
150 Citations1978Monica Nordberg
Cadmium bound to metallothionein is observed to be five times more toxic than cadmium chloride when administered intravenously or subcutaneously in a single dose.
ToxicologyCellular adaptation in metal toxicology and metallothionein
150 Citations1983M. George Cherian, Monica Nordberg
The cellular adaptation to toxicity of metals is one of the important factors in the evaluation of health effects of increased exposure to metals and can be considered as a nuclear process, involving binding of metals to nuclear proteins and also the formation of morphologically distinct inclusion bodies.
Environmental ResearchSignificance of cadmium concentration in blood and in urine in workers exposed to cadmium
139 Citations1979R. Lauwerys, Harry A. Roels +4 more
A tentative biological threshold of 10 μg Cd/g urinary creatinine is proposed, which applies only to adult males occupationally exposed to cadmium and not necessarily to other groups of the general population.
Environmental ResearchDose-response analysis of cadmium-induced tubular proteinuria
113 Citations1977Tord Kjellström, Per‐Eric Evrin +1 more
In the group of 185 persons continuously exposed to cadmium dust in the work environment, the prevalence of increased urinary ..beta../sub 2/-microglobulin excretion increased with employment time, and Smokers had about three times higher prevalence than nonsmokers.
The LancetTHE MORTALITY OF CADMIUM WORKERS
111 Citations1983Ben Armstrong, G. Kazantzis
A statistically significant excess of deaths due to bronchitis showed a strong relation to duration and intensity of exposure, being predominantly in the small group of men with heavy past exposure to cadmium.
Archives of Environmental Health An International JournalProteinuria in Chronic Cadmium Poisoning
105 Citations1962Magnus Piscator
American Journal of EpidemiologyA NATIONWIDE SURVEY OF HEAVY METAL ABSORPTION IN CHILDREN LIVING NEAR PRIMARY COPPER, LEAD, AND ZINC SMELTERS
104 Citations1977Edward L. Baker, Carl Hayes +5 more
Levels of arsenic, lead, and cadmium absorption levels were determined in 1774 children 1-5 years old living in 19 USA towns with primary nonferrous metal smelters and compared with data on 258 children of the same age in three communities without Smelters.
Journal of Toxicology and Environmental HealthCritical concentrations of cadmium in human renal cortex: Dose‐effect studies in cadmium smelter workers
102 Citations1981Kenneth J. Ellis, W. D. Morgan +4 more
Estimates of the critical level by beta 2-microglobulin and urinary protein measurements yielded critical values of 31-42 mg Cd for the whole kidney (300-400 microgram/g for the renal cortex).
Environmental Health PerspectivesMetabolic model for cadmium in man.
96 Citations1979Gunnar F. Nordberg, Tord Kjellström
A metabolic model for Cadmium has been formulated in terms of a flow scheme for cadmium among eight body compartments, which provides a means of using present knowledge about metabolism in order to calculate expected accumulation in critical organs and other tissues and body fluids at certain intake levels.
Environmental ResearchEnvironmental exposure to cadmium and renal function of aged women in three areas of Belgium
93 Citations1981Harry A. Roels, R. Lauwerys +2 more
The results suggest that environmental pollution by cadmium as found in some industrialized areas in Europe may exacerbate the age-related decline of renal function in population groups nonoccupationally exposed to heavy metals.
International Archives of Occupational and Environmental HealthThe relationship between cadmium exposure or body burden and the concentration of cadmium in blood and urine in man
85 Citations1976R. Lauwerys, Jean‐Pierre Buchet +1 more
It is suggested that Cd-B reflects current exposure but that Ccd-U may reflect body burden of cadmium when exposure is low (environmental pollution) and current exposure when Exposure is high (industrial situations).
Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment & HealthEvolution of cadmium-induced renal dysfunction in workers removed from exposure.
85 Citations1982H Roels, J Djubgang +3 more
Comparison of the renal function parameters before and after the cessation of exposure indicated that cadmium-induced renal lesions, albeit of slow progression, are not reversible when exposure ceases.
Environmental Health PerspectivesImpact of effects of acid precipitation on toxicity of metals.
81 Citations1985Gunnar F. Nordberg, Robert A. Goyer +1 more
Human metal exposures via drinking water may be increased by acid precipitation, and increased aluminum concentrations in water is a result mainly of the occurrence of Al in acidified natural waters and the use of Al chemicals in drinking water purification.
Journal of Toxicology and Environmental HealthMeasurement of dietary cadmium absorption in humans
78 Citations1978J S McLellan, Peter R. Flanagan +2 more
Total body counting was used to determine cadmium absorption in 14 healthy subjects and in 1 patient with an ileostomy, and a poorly absorbed marker was added to determine the point of complete elimination of unabsorbed radiocadmium from the gastrointestinal tract.
Nephrotoxic Mechanisms of Drugs and Environmental Toxins
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72 Citations1986Magnus Svartengren, Carl Gustaf Elinder +2 more
The left kidneys from twenty males, aged 30 to 59, were examined and it may be necessary to recalculate previously reported estimates of critical concentrations for cadmium in kidney cortex based on neutron activation analyses in vivo of whole kidney.
Environmental ResearchMetallothionein in plasma and urine of cadmium workers
69 Citations1982Gunnar F. Nordberg, Justine S. Garvey +1 more
The possible significance of of reased MT concentrations in plasma, as seen in some of the workers in the present study, in relation to transport of Cd-MT to the renal cortex is pointed out.
ToxicologyElevated urinary excretion of metallothionein due to environmental cadmiun exposure
64 Citations1981Chiharu Tohyama, Zahir A. Shaikh +3 more
It is suggested that if, in addition to beta 2-microglobulin and cadmium, metallothionein is used as another index of Cadmium exposure, monitoring of renal tubular dysfunction caused by cadmiam may be more effectively carried out.
Environmental Health PerspectivesMetallothionein: structure/antigenicity and detection/quantitation in normal physiological fluids.
62 Citations1984Justine S. Garvey
It is shown that it is possible to extend the lower limit of practical quantitation from the previous limit of 50-100 pg to 1 pg, and theoretical predictions of secondary structure based on hydrophilicity and sequence analysis indicate that the conformational profile is dominated by tetrapeptide candidates for beta turns (reverse turns).
Environmental ResearchCadmium in feces as an estimator of daily cadmium intake in Sweden
60 Citations1978Tord Kjellström, Karin Borg +1 more
It was concluded that fecal cadmium could be used to estimate average Cadmium intake via food and varied with age in a similar way as calorie intake.
Environmental ResearchDose-response analysis of cadmium in man: Body burden vs kidney dysfunction
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In vivo measurements of kidney, liver, urine, and blood cadmium, and urinary levels of beta 2-microglobulin and total protein were obtained in 82 industrially exposed workers and 30 control subjects and a predicted-response curve was obtained for the kidney.
Handbook of experimental pharmacologyThe Nephropathy of Chronic Cadmium Poisoning
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Occupational and Environmental MedicineA Follow-up Study of Men Exposed to Cadmium Oxide Fume
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The results in individual cases of clinical and radiological examination and of the respiratory function tests showed a deterioration in the condition of those men with emphysema in the original survey, and took place despite the fact that the majority of the men with chronic cadmium poisoning were not further exposed to Cadmium after 1953.
Environmental Health PerspectivesPulmonary and gastrointestinal exposure to cadmium oxide dust in a battery factory.
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Environmental Health PerspectivesThe human metallothionein gene family: structure and expression.
55 Citations1984Michael Karin, Robert I. Richards
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Environmental Health PerspectivesA study of the relationship between cadmium concentrations in urine and renal effects of cadmium.
52 Citations1979Kazuhiro Nogawa, E Kobayashi +1 more
Prevalence rates of indices of renal effects increased proportionally with increasing cadmium concentrations in urine and probit linear regression lines could be calculated between them, which may be useful for evaluating the risk of renal damage of exposed inhabitants.
Archives of Environmental Health An International JournalAdsorption and Elution of Cadmium on Hair
50 Citations1972Keitaro Nishiyama, Gunnar F. Nordberg
A nearly complete removal of Cd from the hair could be obtained by using a sufficiently strong solution of an acid, however, the different treatments applied were not effective for separate analysis of exogenous and endogenous hair Cd.
Physics in Medicine and BiologyCadmium-Its in vivo detection in man
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Archives of Environmental Health An International JournalProteinuria of Workers Exposed to Cadmium Fume
45 Citations1967Kenzaburô Tsuchiya
Physics in Medicine and BiologyA transportable system for the measurement of liver cadmium in vivo
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International Archives of Occupational and Environmental HealthSignificance of urinary metallothionein in workers exposed to cadmium
44 Citations1983H. Roels, R. Lauwerys +4 more
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Occupational and Environmental MedicineCadmium metabolism in man
44 Citations1977Hans Welinder, Staffan Skerfving +1 more
High frequency solderers who had been exposed to cadmium from a solder for periods ranging from 1 month to 18 years showed considerable variations in blood Cd levels with time, but less variation in urine levels, which may indicate an effect on renal tubular function even at kidney Cd loads corresponding to Cd Levels in urine of the order of as little as 10 μmol/mol creatinine.
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43 Citations1970Guido Henke, H. W. Sachs +1 more
Environmental Health PerspectivesInterrelationships among zinc, copper, lead, and cadmium in food, feces, and organs of humans.
32 Citations1978Kenzaburô Tsuchiya, Soichiro Iwao
The relationships among the concentrations of the four metals in food and feces are almost equal to each other, but differ greatly from the concentrations in human organs due to the differing metabolic actions of the metals once they are absorbed into the body.
OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information)Half-time studies of mercury and cadmium by whole-body counting
31 Citations1972T Rahola, R K Aaran
Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry ReviewsMortality among cadmium and nickel‐exposed workers in a Swedish battery factory†
31 Citations1984Kjell Andersson, Carl Gustaf Elinder +3 more
This cohort study comprised male workers who had been employed in a cadmiumnickel battery factory in Sweden for more than 1 year between the years 1940 to 1980, and found a significant increase in deaths from nephritis and nephrosis and nonsignificant increases for cancer of the prostate, urinary bladder cancer, and pulmonary cancer.
Acta Pharmacologica et ToxicologicaCadmium Toxicity in Kidney Cells. Resistance induced by Short Term Pretreatment <i>in Vitro</i> and <i>in Vivo</i>
28 Citations1986Taiyi Jin, Gunnar F. Nordberg
A lower uptake of cadmium chloride, in vitro has been observed in kidney cells pretreated in vivo or in vitro compared to nonpretreated cells, which is a sign of Cd-interference with cellular function.
Environmental ResearchCadmium, zinc, and copper in rabbit kidney metallothionein—relation to kidney toxicity
27 Citations1987Carl Gustaf Elinder, Monica Nordberg +3 more
The data provide further support for the hypothesis that chronic cadmium nephrotoxicity develops when there is a lack of metal-binding sites available for Cadmium in metallothionein.
American Journal of Industrial MedicineHair cadmium content: Is it a biological indicator of the body burden of cadmium for the occupationally exposed worker?
26 Citations1981Kenneth J. Ellis, Seiichi Yasumura +1 more
It was concluded that hair Cd levels are not a good index of body burden of Cd in the industrially-exposed individual.
Journal of Applied ToxicologyUptake of cadmium in isolated kidney cells—influence of binding form and <i>in vivo</i> pretreatment
24 Citations1986Taiyi Jin, Gunnar F. Nordberg +1 more
In pretreated kidney cells the decreased uptake of Cd (as Cd‐albumin) might be related to protection of the kidney against acute Cd toxicity and increased uptake of metallothionein‐Cd might contribute to the explanation of renal damage in long‐term Cd exposure.
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21 Citations1987Bruce A. Fowler, Peter L. Goering +1 more
These studies suggest that zinc status and maintenance of the renal ZnMT pool may play an important role in regulating cadmium-induced renal proteinuria and calcuria by preventing Cd2+ perturbation of the proximal tubule cell lysosome system.
Metabolism of Cadmium
11 Citations1982Gunnar F. Nordberg
In order to make adequate estimations of renal accumulation from data on intake, a detailed understanding is needed of the absorption, tissue distribution, retention, and excretion of Cadmium, i.e., the metabolism of cadmium.
Occupational and Environmental MedicineAN ENVIRONMENTAL STUDY OF CASTING COPPER-CADMIUM ALLOYS
10 Citations1955E. A. King
Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on Polarization Phenomena in Nuclear ReactionsCadmium, Zinc and Copper in Rabbit Kidney Metallothionein — Relation to Kidney Toxicity
4 Citations1987C G Elinder, Monica Nordberg +3 more
It is believed that toxic effects caused by Cadmium in the kidney will emerge when the tubular cells are unable to produce enough MT to sequester all cadmium ions.