Memory and Aging: Four Hypotheses in Search of Data
Annual Review of PsychologyPublished 1 January 1991
Leah L. Light
Citations764
SJR quartileQ1
SJR score13.79
SNIP13.63
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TL;DR
The aim of this book is to provide a history of memory impairment in the United States from 1989 to 2002, a period chosen in order to explore its roots as well as specific cases up to and including the year in which descriptions of “Web 2.0” began to circulate.
Abstract
A revolution in the science of emotion has emerged in recent decades, with the potential to create a paradigm shift in decision theories. The research reveals that emotions constitute potent, pervasive, predictable, sometimes harmful and sometimes ...Read More
Keywords
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426 Citations1990Joel Myerson, Sandra Hale +3 more
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387 Citations1990Michael J. Gilewski, Elizabeth M. Zelinski +1 more
Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and CognitionImplicit and explicit memory in young and older adults.
342 Citations1987Leah L. Light, Asha Singh
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Cognitive PsychologyLanguage comprehension in old age
298 Citations1979Gillian Cohen
Three experiments examined the effects of aging on comprehension of spoken language and showed that old subjects were less well able to extract and retain gist information than younger subjects, interpreted as reflecting a limitation in processing capacity.
Psychology and AgingRelations between source amnesia and frontal lobe functioning in older adults.
279 Citations1990Fergus I. M. Craik, Lorna W. Morris +2 more
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Psychology and AgingTask-unrelated thought frequency as a function of age: A laboratory study.
276 Citations1989Leonard M. Giambra
The results of this study were incompatible with a recent theory that predicts for older individuals an increased input of irrelevant thoughts into working memory due to the older individual's reduced inhibitory control.
Experimental Aging ResearchDoes the capacity of working memory change with age?
259 Citations1988Arthur Wingfield, Elizabeth A.L. Stine +2 more
An analysis of correlations between span measures and verbal ability scores supported the position that working memory loading represents a special problem for the elderly.
Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and CognitionEffects of adult age and working memory on reasoning and spatial abilities.
249 Citations1989Timothy A. Salthouse, Debora R. Mitchell +2 more
It was concluded that further progress in understanding the mechanisms of the relation between age and cognitive functioning will require improved conceptualizations of the nature of working memory or other hypothesized mediating constructs.
Journal of Experimental Psychology GeneralMemory as assessed by recognition and reading time in normal and memory-impaired people with Alzheimer's disease and other neurological disorders.
246 Citations1986Morris Moscovitch, Gordon Winocur +1 more
Three experiments are reported that examine the dissociations in performance on two tests of retention, speeded reading and recognition in young people, home-dwelling and institutionalized elderly people, and people with severe memory disorders to suggest that on implicit tests of memory, people with memory disorders can be shown to have formed and retained new associations despite failing utterly on explicit tests.
Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and CognitionHow many memory systems? Evidence from aging.
237 Citations1989David B. Mitchell
The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section AAge and Prospective Memory
225 Citations1990Elizabeth A. Maylor
There was no relationship between retrospective memory scores and whether or not subjects remembered to telephone, and the effect of age, intelligence, and retrospective memory on performance was influenced by the cue used.
Journal of Clinical PsychologyAge-related decrements in stroop color test performance
211 Citations1984Nancy B. Cohn, Robert E. Dustman +1 more
Because impairment on Stroop color naming and interference tests appears to be a concomitant of normal aging, caution should be exercised when one is interpreting Stroop test results from older patients with suspected cerebral dysfunction.
Journal of GerontologyWorking-Memory Capacity, Age, and Memory for Discourse
205 Citations1985Leah L. Light, P. A. Anderson
Although age-related differences were observed on digit, word, and sentence spans as well as on recall and recognition, retention was not predicted well by scores on any of the span measures for either young or older adults in either experiment.
Journal of GerontologyAging, Inhibitory Processes, and Negative Priming
195 Citations1991Joan M. McDowd, Deborah M. Oseas-Kreger
Results showed a significant interaction between age and the effect of distracting information, with older adults being more slowed by the presence of green letters than young adults, but older adults failed to show negative priming effects, whereas young adults did shownegative priming.
Journal of Experimental Psychology GeneralAging and skilled problem solving.
188 Citations1981Neil Charness
Despite age-related declines in encoding and retrieval of information, older players match the problem-solving performance of equivalently skilled younger players, as evidenced by taking less time to select an equally good move.
Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychologyDissociation of memory and awareness in young and older adults
184 Citations1986Leah L. Light, Asha Singh +1 more
The results, similar to those obtained with amnesics, suggest that older adults are impaired on tasks which require a conscious effort to recognize an event but that memory without awareness is unaffected by age.
Psychology and AgingChanges in naming ability with age.
181 Citations1988Marilyn Albert, Hope S. Heller +1 more
Results indicated that naming ability remains fairly stable across the adult life span until individuals are in their 70s, at which point there is a significant decline in performance.
Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & PerformanceDivided attention abilities in young and old adults.
180 Citations1982Benjamin L. Somberg, Timothy A. Salthouse
No significant age difference in divided attention ability independent of single-task performance level was found in either experiment, and the existing literature must be reexamined in light of these issues.
Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and CognitionElaborative inferences during reading: Do they occur on-line?
179 Citations1988Edward J. O’Brien, Dolores M. Shank +2 more
The results confirmed that, with sufficient context, readers will generate a simple elaborative inference on-line, and that once generated, elaborative inferences are stored as part of the long-term-memory representation of a passage.
Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and CognitionEffects of age and a divided attention task presented during encoding and retrieval on memory.
166 Citations1989Denise C. Park, Anderson D. Smith +2 more
The present studies examined age differences in memory when attention was divided during encoding, retrieval, or at both times, and found older Ss' free recall and clustering performance declined more than that of young Ss when Attention was divided at encoding, but there was no similar age interaction when divided attention occurred at retrieval.
Psychology and AgingDeclines in divergent thinking with age: Cross-sectional, longitudinal, and cross-sequential analyses.
165 Citations1987Robert R. McCrae, David Arenberg +1 more
The International Journal of Aging and Human DevelopmentForgetting and Use of Memory Aids in 20 to 70 Year Olds Everyday Life
160 Citations1983John C. Cavanaugh, Jayne G. Grady +1 more
It is suggested that older adults experience more memory failures and are more concerned about memory failures than younger adults, but that they attempt to deal with this problem by increased use of memory aids.
Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & PerformanceSemantic priming in young and older adults: Evidence for age constancy in automatic and attentional processes.
159 Citations1987Deborah M. Burke, Hedy White +1 more
These patterns of priming were obtained for both age groups, but in a surprise memory test older adults had poorer recall of primes and targets, and the hypothesis that older adults suffer deficits in selective attention and the related hypothesis that attentional deficits impair semantic processing, which causes memory decrements in old age is discussed.
Psychology and AgingProcess and strategy in memory for speech among younger and older adults.
150 Citations1987Elizabeth L. Stine, Arthur Wingfield
Although older adults showed a differential decrease in recall performance as a function of increasing speech rate, age differences in recall were reduced by the presence of linguistic and prosodic cues.
Journal of GerontologyMemory for Object Locations in Young and Elderly Adults
145 Citations1987Matthew J. Sharps, Eugene S. Gollin
Differences in the visual distinctiveness of the two contexts, map and room, were responsible for the interaction of age and task setting and an experiment using models of the map-room structures confirmed this hypothesis.
Psychology and AgingImproving aerobic capacity in healthy older adults does not necessarily lead to improved cognitive performance.
140 Citations1989David J. Madden, James A. Blumenthal +2 more
Results suggest that exercise-related changes in older adults' cognitive performance are due either to extended periods of training or to cohort differences between physically active and sedentary individuals.
Memory & CognitionProcessing resources and age differences in working memory
130 Citations1988Robin G. Morris, Mary L. Gick +1 more
Investigating the performance of young and old subjects on a modified version of the working memory task developed by Baddeley and Hitch (1974) suggests that older people have greater difficulty with the active processing aspects, rather than with the passive holding aspects, of working memory tasks.
Developmental PsychologyPerceived control and intellectual functioning in the elderly: A 5-year longitudinal study.
127 Citations1989Margie E. Lachman, Rona Leff
Journal of GerontologySemantic Priming of Lexical Decisions in Young and Old Adults
125 Citations1981Darlene V. Howard, Mary Pat McAndrews +1 more
Viewed from the perspective of two-process semantic activation models, these results place constraints on processing-deficit theories, and are consistent with the hypothesis that effortful processes change with aging, whereas automatic processes do not.
Journal of GerontologyRecognizing and Naming Faces: Aging, Memory Retrieval, and the Tip of the Tongue State
122 Citations1990Elizabeth A. Maylor
The results are interpreted as evidence of impairment with age associated with at least three stages in the face recognition process as identified by Bruce and Young (1986).
Memory & CognitionDo memorability ratings affect study-time allocation?
122 Citations1990Giuliana Mazzoni, Cesare Cornoldi +1 more
The results of three experiments support the main hypotheses: (1) recall increases with increasing JOL, (2) restudy increases JOL accuracy, and (3) study time is related to JOL.
Journal of GerontologyAging and Metamemory: the Roles of Relatedness and Imagery
121 Citations1982Jan C. Rabinowitz, Brian P. Ackerman +2 more
It was concluded that differences in metamemorial skills are not responsible for age differences in memory and both old and young adults were insensitive to the beneficial effects of using interactive imagery at encoding.
Journal of GerontologyMemory for Pictures, Words, and Spatial Location in Older Adults: Evidence for Pictorial Superiority
119 Citations1983D. C. Park, J. Thomas Puglisi +1 more
In the present study the spatial location of picture and word stimuli was varied across four quadrants of photographic slides and recognition memory for items and memory for spatial location were tested.
Psychology and AgingAge-related differences in the impact of spacing, lag, and retention interval.
114 Citations1989David A. Balota, Janet M. Duchek +1 more
Compared with younger adults, older adults are suggested to encode less contextual information at a given point in time and have a slower rate of contextual fluctuation across time.
Journal of GerontologyMetamemory and Memory for Text Relationships in Adulthood: a Cross-validation Study
111 Citations1983R. A. Dixon, David F. Hultsch
Whereas the recall performances of both younger and older adults was related to knowledge dimensions of metamemory, the performance of older adultswas also predicted by affective dimensions, and several instances of age-related predictive patterns were indicated.
Memory & CognitionMemory for scripts in young and older adults
105 Citations1983Leah L. Light, Patricia A Anderson
No evidence was found for age-related differences in the way that stereotypical action sequences are represented in semantic memory, and adults in both age groups displayed similar effects of action typicality on retention, suggesting that there are no age- related differences in drawing inferences from generic knowledge.
Psychology and AgingDissociations between procedural and episodic memory: Effects of time and aging.
102 Citations1990David B. Mitchell, Alan S. Brown +1 more
Psychology and AgingHow much and how fast: Rapid processing of spoken language in later adulthood.
102 Citations1986Elizabeth L. Stine, Arthur Wingfield +1 more
Although recall performance of the older adults showed a disproportionate decline when speech rate was increased, older adults, as well as the younger adults, were able to recall sentences of increasing propositional densities and the tendency to recall a greater proportion of main ideas than details was enhanced by increased propositional density.
Memory & CognitionIncidental learning of event frequency
100 Citations1984Robert L. Greene
There is no strong evidence for the automatic encoding of frequency information, according to two experiments studied the effect of intentionality of learning on memory for the frequency of occurrence of words on a list.
Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal BehaviorLife-span components of text processing: structural and procedural differences
96 Citations1983George J. Spilich
Journal of GerontologyWhat Kind of Noise Increases With Age?
96 Citations1987R. Cremer, E.J. Zeef
Age-related differences in an incomplete picture-identification task were found to be similar to those resulting from the addition of random background noise in stimulus displays of young adults.
Cambridge University Press eBooksCapacity theory and the processing of inferences
96 Citations1988Rose T. Zacks, Lynn Hasher
Psychology and AgingDirect and indirect tests of memory for category exemplars in young and older adults.
88 Citations1989Leah L. Light, Shirley A. Albertson
Journal of GerontologyOlder Adults' Memory for the Color of Pictures and Words
87 Citations1985D. C. Park, J. Thomas Puglisi
The discussion suggests the effort required to remember color varies as a function of the stimulus with which it is associated, and evidence for a decline in color memory in old compared with young adults is yielded.
Journal of GerontologyEffects of Aging on Sex Differences in Psychomotor Reminiscence and Tracking Proficiency
84 Citations1985Bridget M. Wright, R. B. Payne
As predicted by the theory in conjunction with hormonal considerations, aging eliminated the sex differences typically found in young adults, reduced the absolute amount of reminiscence, and diminished the gains in task proficiency arising from practice distribution, progressively so as practice increased.
Psychology and AgingResponse slowing of older adults: Effects of time-limit contingencies on single- and dual-task performances.
83 Citations1989Alan Baron, William R. Mattila
Although the older men were slower throughout the experiment, the time limit contingency reduced age differences in responses to both tasks, and the difference between single and divided tasks was reduced.
Journal of GerontologyThe Effects of Presentation Rate and Encoding Task on Age-Related Memory Deficits
81 Citations1985Fergus I. M. Craik, Jan C. Rabinowitz
Under standard, intentional learning instructions the magnitude of the age-related recall deficit increased with longer presentation durations, but when a semantic orienting question was used to guide the encoding of the items on each list, an equivalent benefit of longer study times was observed for the two age groups.
Springer series in cognitive developmentImplicit and Explicit Assessment of Cognitive Aging
78 Citations1988Darlene V. Howard
Cambridge University Press eBooksQuestionnaire research on metamemory and aging: Issues of structure and function
77 Citations1989Roger A. Dixon
Cambridge University Press eBooksPatterns of language and memory in old age
71 Citations1988Leah L. Light, Deborah M. Burke
Experimental Aging ResearchThe effects of aging and degree of association on the semantic priming of lexical decisions
71 Citations1983Darlene V. Howard
Journal of GerontologyPriming in Episodic Memory
70 Citations1986Jan C. Rabinowitz
There were significant main effects of relatedness on all three dependent measures, but only in cued recall was there a larger age deficit for unrelated items, suggesting an impairment of effortful retrieval processes.
CortexIntegrity of Semantic Fields in Alzheimer's Disease
69 Citations1988Robert D. Nebes, Christopher B. Brady
While Alzheimer patients were less accurate in generating features, actions and associates to a given concept than were normals, they were not differentially more impaired on any one type.
Developmental PsychologyAging and the priming of newly learned associations.
65 Citations1986Darlene V. Howard, Jane G. Heisey +1 more
Psychology and AgingMetamemory in older adults: The role of monitoring in serial recall.
64 Citations1987Martin D. Murphy, Frederick A. Schmitt +2 more
Psychology and AgingStructural operational capacities in integrative spatial ability.
64 Citations1989Timothy A. Salthouse, Debora R. Mitchell
Experimental Aging ResearchAge differences in components of metamemory
60 Citations1990E. Ruth Loewen, Raymond J. Shaw +1 more
The findings suggest that both changes in lifestyle and the effects of aging per se play some part in the use of particular memory strategies.
Springer series in cognitive developmentMemory for Prose and Aging: A Meta-Analysis
59 Citations1988Elizabeth M. Zelinski, Michael J. Gilewski
Journal of GerontologyTests of the Neural Noise Hypothesis of Age-Related Cognitive Change
59 Citations1985Timothy A. Salthouse, Wemara Lichty
It was concluded that at least some versions of the neural-noise hypothesis of cognitive changes with age may be untenable and that more effort should be devoted to devising experimentally testable implications of the hypothesis.
Developmental PsychologyAge-related declines in working-memory skills: Evidence from a complex calculation task.
56 Citations1990Jamie I. D. Campbell, Neil Charness
Experimental Aging ResearchAdult age differences in recognition memory for a nonsemantic attribute
54 Citations1980Donald H. Kausler, James M. Puckett
The generalizability of the adult age deficit commonly found for recognition of word content to the recognition of a nonsemantic attribute, which consisted of the case format of words during study list presentations, is tested.
Journal of GerontologyCue Utilization and Encoding Specificity in Picture Recognition by Older Adults
53 Citations1987D. C. Park, J. Thomas Puglisi +2 more
The results indicated that both ages showed evidence of encoding specificity, and the hypothesis that age interacts with encoding specificity was investigated, with no evidence for such an interaction.
Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and CognitionAdult age differences in memory in relation to availability and accessibility of knowledge-based schemas.
52 Citations1990Tannis Y. Arbuckle, Virginia F. Vanderleck +2 more
In each case, schema access facilitated memory equally across age levels, supporting the age-invariance hypothesis and implying that the basic structures and operations of memory do not necessarily change with age.
Psychology and AgingYoung and older adults' use of context in spatial memory.
52 Citations1988Elizabeth M. Aelinski, Leah L. Light
It is concluded that age differences in spatial memory do not arise from differences in the use of context and that age did not interact with either contextual variable.
Psychology and AgingThe influence of age on consistent and varied semantic-category search performance.
50 Citations1988Arthur D. Fisk, Nancy D. McGee +1 more
It is concluded that age-associated declines in cognitive performance may be due in large part to the degree with which older adults can acquire or use automatic processes to perform tasks.
Cambridge University Press eBooksComprehension of pragmatic implications in young and older adults
48 Citations1988Leah L. Light, Shirley A. Albertson
Psychology and AgingAdult age differences in integrative spatial ability.
47 Citations1987Timothy A. Salthouse
Results were interpreted as suggesting that one factor responsible for age differences in tests of spatial ability is an age-related reduction in the efficiency of executing operations responsible for the accurate and stable representation of spatial information.
Journal of GerontologyAdult Age Differences in Memory for Imagined and Performed Actions
46 Citations1988Robert E. Guttentag, R. R. Hunt
Age differences were found for both performed and imagined actions as well as for source judgments (remembering which actions had been performed and which imagined) on a surprise recall test.
Journal of GerontologyCoding of Spatial Information by Young and Elderly Adults
45 Citations1982P. D. McCormack
Two experiments are reported in which the presumed automatic nature of spatial coding is examined and it is reported that the young adults exhibited superior free recall.
Journal of GerontologyComprehension and Retention of Television Programs by 20-and 60-year Olds
45 Citations1983John C. Cavanaugh
Results from Experiment I showed a significant age by vocabulary interaction; only older low-verbal adults were consistently poorer than their younger counterparts, indicating the locus of this interaction may be at initial program comprehension rather than solely at retrieval.
How Do Old People Know What to Do Next?
45 Citations1982Patrick Rabbitt
The International Journal of Aging and Human DevelopmentElderly Adults' Perception of Their Own Cognitive Development during the Adult Years
44 Citations1983Sharon A. Williams, Nancy Wadsworth Denney +1 more
Reports of the elderly adults corresponded well with the results of memory research, which indicates that most memory abilities tend to decrease with increasing age, while the elderly reported that they think that their problem-solving abilities have actually increased with age.
Experimental Aging ResearchPriming effects and recognition memory in young and elderly adults
43 Citations1986Terrence L. Rose, Jerome A. Yesavage +2 more
On the recognition test, homophones were more often correctly recognized than nonhomophones, and priming affected the scores of the young negatively, but had no effects, positive or negative, on the elderly.
Journal of GerontologyAge-Related Changes in Processing Explicit and Implicit Language
43 Citations1981Susan M. Belmore
It was concluded that older persons may be deficient in the retention of meaningful information, but that this deficit is not based on an inability to comprehend linguistic meaning.
Journal of GerontologyPicture Superiority in Free Recall: the Effects of Normal Aging and Primary Degenerative Dementia
42 Citations1986Marian Rissenberg, Murray Glanzer
A key factor in the decline of memory with age may be a breakdown of communication in the information network involved in memory and cognitive processing, and it follows that the picture superiority effect should lessen with age.
Developmental ReviewMemory and aging: Implications for theories of memory development during childhood
39 Citations1985Robert E. Guttentag
The International Journal of Aging and Human DevelopmentAge Differences in Adults' Self-Reports of Memory Ability: It Depends on How and What You Ask
39 Citations1987John C. Cavanaugh
Self-reports of memory abilities and skills were obtained from fifty younger and older adults and in terms of their meaning for research on the relationship between self-reported and actual memory ability were interpreted.
Cambridge University Press eBooksAging and memory activation: The priming of semantic and episodic memories
36 Citations1988Darlene V. Howard
Psychology and AgingProspective/intentional and incidental everyday memory: Effects of age and passage of time.
33 Citations1986Jan D. Sinnott
It is demonstrated that incidental, but not prospective/intentional, memory appeared to be influenced by age and passage of time, and that certain types of everyday retrospective reports may be reliable.
Journal of Experimental Psychology GeneralMemorability as a measure of processing: A unit analysis of prose and list learning.
30 Citations1985David C. Rubin
Two collections of memory tasks are presented, one for lists and one for prose, and the relations found in these two collections are supported by an extensive reanalysis of the existing prose memory literature.
Experimental Aging ResearchOn the use of word association norms in aging research
30 Citations1983Nancy L. Bowles, Diane L. Williams +1 more
It is concluded that standard word association norms are as reliable for older individuals as for the young provided that words with strong associates are selected.
Springer series in cognitive developmentMemory for Activities: Rehearsal-Independence and Aging
29 Citations1988Donald H. Kausler, Wemara Lichty
Journal of GerontologyAge-Related Differences in Three-Dimensional Spatial Memory
28 Citations1989Katie E. Cherry, D. C. Park
The principal findings were that the magnitude of object displacement in the relocation task was greater for older adults; young and elderly adults differed primarily in terms of large rather than small displacement errors; and the locations of meaningless items were more difficult to remember for both age groups.
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