Why Are Some Neurons Replaced in Adult Brain?
Journal of NeurosciencePublished 1 February 2002Open access
Fernando Nottebohm
Citations177
SJR quartileQ1
SJR score1.96
SNIP1.30
Generate an AI Snapshot to get a quick, structured summary of this paper.
Study Snapshot
ObjectiveStudy objective
MethodsResearch methodology
PopulationPopulation studied
Sample sizeSample sizes
OutcomesStudy outcomes here
ResultsStudy results comes here
LimitationsResearch study limitations comes here
A concise AI-generated summary of the paper will appear here once you click Generate AI Snapshot.
TL;DR
The fact that the new neurons are temporary, that they replace older ones that have died, and that the spontaneous replacement of neurons calls for a new theory of long-term replacement are highlighted.
Keywords
NeuroscienceBiochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Nature NeuroscienceRunning increases cell proliferation and neurogenesis in the adult mouse dentate gyrus
3,877 Citations1999Henriette van Praag, Gerd Kempermann +1 more
It is demonstrated that voluntary exercise is sufficient for enhanced neurogenesis in the adult mouse dentate gyrus, in amounts similar to enrichment conditions.
Journal of NeuroendocrinologyThe Neuroendocrinology of Stress: A Never Ending Story
3,569 Citations2008Stafford L. Lightman
The effects of neonatal experience are not only seen at the level of CRH and GR regulation, but also are evident in behavioural responses to stress and in the responsiveness of brain stem serotonergic pathways, as measured by tryptophan hydroxylase mRNA in the brain stem.
NatureMore hippocampal neurons in adult mice living in an enriched environment
3,511 Citations1997Gerd Kempermann, H. Georg Kuhn +1 more
It is shown that significantly more new neurons exist in the dentate gyrus of mice exposed to an enriched environment compared with littermates housed in standard cages, and that the enriched mice have a larger hippocampal granule cell layer and 15 per cent moregranule cell neurons in the Dentate Gyrus.
Nature NeuroscienceLearning enhances adult neurogenesis in the hippocampal formation
2,151 Citations1999Elizabeth Gould, Anna V. Beylin +3 more
It is reported that the number of adult-generated neurons doubles in the rat dentate gyrus in response to training on associative learning tasks that require the hippocampus, which indicates that adult- generated hippocampal neurons are specifically affected by, and potentially involved in, associative memory formation.
NatureNeurogenesis in the adult is involved in the formation of trace memories
2,019 Citations2001Tracey J. Shors, George R. Miesegaes +4 more
It is shown that a substantial reduction in the number of newly generated neurons in the adult rat impairs hippocampal-dependent trace conditioning, a task in which an animal must associate stimuli that are separated in time.
The Journal of Comparative NeurologyCentral control of song in the canary, <i>Serinus canarius</i>
1,669 Citations1976Fernando Nottebohm, Tegner M. Stokes +1 more
Central nervous pathways controlling bird son in the canary are traced using a combination of behavioral and anatomical techniques and direct connections were found onto the cells of the motor nucleus innervating the syrinx, the organ of song production.
Proceedings of the National Academy of SciencesProliferation of granule cell precursors in the dentate gyrus of adult monkeys is diminished by stress
1,386 Citations1998Elizabeth Gould, Patima Tanapat +3 more
The results suggest that neurons are produced in the dentate gyrus of adult monkeys and that the rate of precursor cell proliferation can be affected by a stressful experience.
Journal of NeuroscienceExperience-Induced Neurogenesis in the Senescent Dentate Gyrus
1,152 Citations1998Gerd Kempermann, H. Georg Kuhn +1 more
It is demonstrated here that under physiological conditions neurogenesis continues to occur in the dentate gyrus of senescent mice and can be stimulated by living in an enriched environment and interpreted as a survival-promoting effect that is selective for neurons.
Proceedings of the National Academy of SciencesNeuronal production, migration, and differentiation in a vocal control nucleus of the adult female canary brain.
983 Citations1983Steven A. Goldman, Fernando Nottebohm
It is concluded that neuronal precursors exist in the HVc ventricular zone that incorporate tritiated thymidine during the S phase preceding their mitosis; after division these cells migrate into, and to some extent beyond, HVm, which seems to be a normally occurring phenomenon in intact adult female canaries.
Journal of NeuroscienceA comparative study of the behavioral deficits following lesions of various parts of the zebra finch song system: implications for vocal learning
940 Citations1991Constance Scharff, Fernando Nottebohm
It is concluded that Area X and LMAN contribute differently to song acquisition: the song variability that is typical of vocal development persists following early deafness or lesions of Area X but ends abruptly following removal of LMAN.
Annual Review of PhysiologyStructural Changes Accompanying Memory Storage
857 Citations1993Craig H. Bailey, Eric R. Kandel
The recent evidence for structural changes in learning is considered by considering the structural changes that accompany long-term memory and how they compare with the de novo synapse formation and synaptic pruning that occur during development.
ScienceForebrain Lesions Disrupt Development But Not Maintenance of Song in Passerine Birds
843 Citations1984Sarah W. Bottjer, Elizabeth A. Miesner +1 more
Lesions in the magnocellular nucleus of the anterior neostriatum of passerine birds disrupted song development in juvenile male zebra finches but did not affect maintenance of stable song patterns by adult birds.
Proceedings of the National Academy of SciencesSeasonal recruitment of hippocampal neurons in adult free-ranging black-capped chickadees.
492 Citations1994Anat Barnea, Fernando Nottebohm
It is suggested that the neurons added are part of a process of neuronal replacement and that they are important for the acquisition of new spatial memories, a need that is particularly acute in the fall.
ScienceNeurons Generated in the Adult Brain Are Recruited into Functional Circuits
453 Citations1984John A. Paton, Fernando Nottebohm
Of the 74 neurons labeled with horseradish peroxidase that were recovered, the nuclei of seven neurons were radioactively labeled and apparently generated during or after the 3H-labeled thymidine treatment (during adulthood) and subsequently incorporated into functional neural circuits.
NatureMigration of young neurons in adult avian brain
356 Citations1988Arturo Álvarez-Buylla, Fernando Nottebohm
It is reported here that small elongated cells, born in the ventricular zone adjacent to the lateral ventricle, differentiate into mature neurons 20–40 days later, after migrating over distances of up to 5 mm.
The Journal of Comparative NeurologyAxonal connections of a forebrain nucleus involved with vocal learning in zebra finches
344 Citations1989Sarah W. Bottjer, Keri Halsema +2 more
Connections of a telencephalic vocal‐control nucleus, the lateral magnocellular nucleus of the anterior neostriatum (lMAN), were studied in adult male zebra finches, confirming results of previous studies showing that area X receives a projection from the ventral area of Tsai (AVT) in the midbrain.
NeuronProliferation “hot spots” in adult avian ventricular zone reveal radial cell division
326 Citations1990Arturo Álvarez-Buylla, Marga Theelen +1 more
Smears prepared from fragments of the VZ containing the hot spots were used to show directly that radial cells accumulate [3H]thymidine and suggest that radial cell division may give rise to new neurons.
NeuronTargeted Neuronal Death Affects Neuronal Replacement and Vocal Behavior in Adult Songbirds
304 Citations2000Constance Scharff, John R. Kirn +3 more
It is inferred that neuronal death regulates the recruitment of replaceable neurons in adult male zebra finches and that induced neuronal replacement can restore a learned behavior.
NeuroscienceSex and seasonal changes in the rate of cell proliferation in the dentate gyrus of adult wild meadow voles
271 Citations1999Liisa A.M. Galea, Bruce S. McEwen
There were large fluctuations across the season in the rate of cell proliferation in the dentate gyrus of adult female meadow voles, which may be related to known changes in spatial learning in the meadow vole and provide insights into changes in the hippocampus that occur in other species, including primates.
NeuronBDNF Mediates the Effects of Testosterone on the Survival of New Neurons in an Adult Brain
270 Citations1999Sowmyalakshmí Rasika, Arturo Álvarez-Buylla +1 more
It is demonstrated that brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is involved in the regulation of neuronal replacement in the adult canary brain and suggested that the effects of testosterone are mediated through BDNF.
Proceedings of the National Academy of SciencesTestosterone increases the recruitment and/or survival of new high vocal center neurons in adult female canaries.
230 Citations1994Sowmyalakshmí Rasika, Fernando Nottebohm +1 more
Testosterone affects the recruitment and/or survival of newly generated RA-projecting HVC neurons but does not affect their production, suggesting that testosterone did not affect neuronal production.
Proceedings of the National Academy of SciencesCell death and neuronal recruitment in the high vocal center of adult male canaries are temporally related to changes in song.
207 Citations1994John R. Kirn, B O'Loughlin +2 more
It is suggested that seasonal peaks in cell loss and neuronal recruitment in HVC are related to endocrine changes and that all three play a role in the seasonality of song modification.
Proceedings of the National Academy of SciencesA relationship between behavior, neurotrophin expression, and new neuron survival
205 Citations2000XiaoChing Li, Erich D. Jarvis +3 more
It is shown that singing enhances mRNA and protein expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the HVC of adult male canaries, Serinus canaria, and the increased BDNF expression is proportional to the number of songs produced per unit time.
Journal of NeuroscienceProduction and survival of projection neurons in a forebrain vocal center of adult male canaries
152 Citations1991JR Kirn, Arturo Álvarez-Buylla +1 more
The longevity of HVC neurons born in September suggests that these cells remain part of the vocal control circuit long enough to participate in the yearly renewal of the song repertoire.
Proceedings of the National Academy of SciencesRecruitment and replacement of hippocampal neurons in young and adult chickadees: an addition to the theory of hippocampal learning.
142 Citations1996Anat Barnea, Fernando Nottebohm
It is speculated that juveniles encounter greater environmental novelty than adults and that the greater number of HC neurons found in juveniles allows them to learn more than adults.
The Journal of Comparative NeurologyUltrastructural characterization of synaptic terminals formed on newly generated neurons in a song control nucleus of the adult canary forebrain
140 Citations1985Gail D. Burd, Fernando Nottebohm
The fine structure of synaptic terminals contacting neurons generated in the forebrain of adult male canaries was investigated by autoradiography and electron microscopy and the procedure for labeling the new neurons included pretreating adult canaries with 3H‐thymidine and sacrificing them 23–45 days later.
Journal of NeuroscienceDirect evidence for loss and replacement of projection neurons in adult canary brain
134 Citations1993JR Kirn, Fernando Nottebohm
A pronounced loss and replacement of neurons implicated in vocal control during this period may relate to the canary's ability to modify song in adulthood, raising the possibility that much if not all of the pathway from HVC to RA is replaced within a year.
The Journal of Comparative NeurologyFate of new neurons in adult canary high vocal center during the first 30 days after their formation
120 Citations1999John R. Kirn, Yon Fishman +3 more
It is concluded that neurons arrive in HVC earlier than previously thought, that soon after their arrival they become part of cell clusters in H VC, and that in addition to the previously described death of new neurons that occurs over a period of months, there is an early wave of death that occurs soon after new neurons adopt a postmigratory phenotype.
Ornithological ApplicationsBirdsong as a Model in Which to Study Brain Processes Related to Learning
118 Citations1984Fernando Nottebohm
Behavioural Brain ResearchSocial change affects the survival of new neurons in the forebrain of adult songbirds
113 Citations2002Dina Lipkind, Fernando Nottebohm +2 more
There was a significant difference between experimental groups in the number of [3H]-labeled neurons in neostriatum caudale (NC), high vocal center (HVC) and Area X, three forebrain regions that are involved in vocal communication.
Journal of NeurobiologyA field study of seasonal neuronal incorporation into the song control system of a songbird that lacks adult song learning
96 Citations1999Anthony D. Tramontin, Eliot A. Brenowitz
This is the first study of neuronal recruitment into the song control system of freely ranging wild songbirds and indicates that seasonal changes in HVc neuronal incorporation are not restricted to open-ended song learners.
Journal of NeurobiologyHigh vocal center growth and its relation to neurogenesis, neuronal replacement and song acquisition in juvenile canaries
83 Citations1992Arturo Álvarez-Buylla, Changying Ling +1 more
It is suggested that a combination of neurogenesis and neuronal replacement provides unique advantages for learning.
Annual Review of PhysiologyStructural Changes Accompanying Memory Storage
62 Citations1993Craig H. Bailey
Canadian Journal of Physiology and PharmacologyAdult neurogenesis in natural populations
40 Citations2001Rudy Boonstra, Liisa A.M. Galea +2 more
Evidence suggests that neurogenesis does vary seasonally in hamsters and shows sexual differences in meadow voles, and demonstration of a role for Neurogenesis in natural behaviours will ultimately be essential if the authors are to understand the purpose and function of neuroGenesis in humans.
Canadian Journal of Physiology and PharmacologyAdult neurogenesis in natural populations
6 Citations2001R. Boonstra, Liisa A.M. Galea +2 more
