Self‐Determination Theory and the Relation of Autonomy to Self‐Regulatory Processes and Personality Development
Published 15 January 2010
Christopher P. Niemiec, Richard M. Ryan, Edward L. Deci
Citations118
Generate an AI Snapshot to get a quick, structured summary of this paper.
Study Snapshot
ObjectiveStudy objective
MethodsResearch methodology
PopulationPopulation studied
Sample sizeSample sizes
OutcomesStudy outcomes here
ResultsStudy results comes here
LimitationsResearch study limitations comes here
A concise AI-generated summary of the paper will appear here once you click Generate AI Snapshot.
Abstract
This chapter contains sections titled: Philosophical Perspectives on Autonomy The Concept of Will in Psychology: Historical and Contemporary Considerations Self-Determination Theory: Metatheoretical Assumptions and Basic Psychological Needs Self-Determination Theory: The Relation of Autonomy to Self-Regulatory Processes Self-Determination Theory: The Relation of Autonomy to Personality Development The Self in Self-Determination Theory Conclusion References
Keywords
PsychologySocial Sciences
Psychological InquiryThe "What" and "Why" of Goal Pursuits: Human Needs and the Self-Determination of Behavior
32,125 Citations2000Edward L. Deci, Richard M. Ryan
American PsychologistSelf-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being.
27,592 Citations2000Richard M. Ryan, Edward L. Deci
Intrinsic Motivation and Self-Determination in Human Behavior
25,934 Citations1985Edward L. Deci, Richard M. Ryan
This chapter discusses the development of Causality Orientations Theory, a theory of personality Influences on Motivation, and its application in information-Processing Theories.
Psychological BulletinThe need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation.
21,477 Citations1995Roy F. Baumeister, Mark R. Leary
Existing evidence supports the hypothesis that the need to belong is a powerful, fundamental, and extremely pervasive motivation, and people form social attachments readily under most conditions and resist the dissolution of existing bonds.
Psychological ReviewCulture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation.
20,797 Citations1991Hazel Rose Markus, Shinobu Kitayama
Contemporary Educational PsychologyIntrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations: Classic Definitions and New Directions
18,154 Citations2000Richard M. Ryan, Edward L. Deci
This review revisits the classic definitions of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in light of contemporary research and theory and discusses the relations of both classes of motives to basic human needs for autonomy, competence and relatedness.
Development as Freedom
15,962 Citations2009Amartya Sen
Identity, youth, and crisis
12,953 Citations1968Erik H. Erikson
Psychological BulletinA meta-analytic review of experiments examining the effects of extrinsic rewards on intrinsic motivation.
6,796 Citations1999Edward L. Deci, Richard Koestner +1 more
A meta-analysis of 128 studies examined the effects of extrinsic rewards on intrinsic motivation, finding that Tangible rewards tended to be more detrimental for children than college students, and verbal rewards tend to be less enhancing for children compared with college students.
Beyond boredom and anxiety
5,588 Citations1975Mihály Csíkszentmihályi
Journal of Research in PersonalityThe general causality orientations scale: Self-determination in personality
4,983 Citations1985Edward L. Deci, Richard M. Ryan
The Journal of PhilosophyFreedom of the Will and the Concept of a Person
4,328 Citations1971Harry G. Frankfurt
Journal of Personality and Social PsychologyEffects of externally mediated rewards on intrinsic motivation.
4,092 Citations1971Edward L. Deci
Contemporary Sociology A Journal of ReviewsBeyond Freedom and Dignity.
3,557 Citations1972Robert Boguslaw, B. F. Skinner
Journal of Personality and Social PsychologyPerceived locus of causality and internalization: Examining reasons for acting in two domains.
3,172 Citations1989Richard M. Ryan, James P. Connell
Journal of Personality and Social PsychologyPerceived locus of causality and internalization: Examining reasons for acting in two domains.
3,148 Citations1989Richard M. Ryan, James P. Connell
A model of perceived locus of causality (PLOC) is developed, using children's self-reported reasons for acting, and its proposed model and conceptualization are discussed with regard to intrapersonal versus interpersonal perception, internalization, cause-reason distinctions, and the significance of perceived autonomy in human behavior.
Intrinsic Motivation
2,842 Citations1975Edward L. Deci
Human Emotions
2,725 Citations1977Carroll E. Izard
Personality and Social Psychology BulletinFurther Examining the American Dream: Differential Correlates of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Goals
2,697 Citations1996Tim Kasser, Richard M. Ryan
Journal of PersonalityFacilitating Internalization: The Self‐Determination Theory Perspective
2,606 Citations1994Edward L. Deci, Haleh Eghrari +2 more
An experiment supported the hypothesis that three facilitating contextual factors--namely, providing a meaningful rationale, acknowledging the behaver's feelings, and conveying choice--promote internalization, as evidenced by the subsequent self-regulation of behavior.
Theory and Research in EducationAutonomy, competence, and relatedness in the classroom
2,426 Citations2009Christopher P. Niemiec, Richard M. Ryan
Journal of PersonalityPsychological Needs and the Facilitation of Integrative Processes
2,189 Citations1995Richard M. Ryan
This work conceptually link the notion of integrative tendencies to specific developmental processes, namely intrinsic motivation; internalization; and emotional integration, which are shown to be facilitated by conditions that fulfill psychological needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness, and forestalled within contexts that frustrate these needs.
Journal of Personality and Social PsychologyA dark side of the American dream: Correlates of financial success as a central life aspiration.
2,162 Citations1993Tim Kasser, Richard M. Ryan
Three studies examine the hypothesis that values and Expectancies for wealth and money are negatively associated with adjustment and well-being when they are more central to an individual than other self-relevant values and expectancies to show that a high centrality of aspirations for financial success is associated with interview ratings of lower global adjustment and social productivity.
Personality and Social Psychology BulletinDaily Well-Being: The Role of Autonomy, Competence, and Relatedness
2,046 Citations2000Harry T. Reis, Kennon M. Sheldon +3 more
Cambridge University Press eBooksThe Theory and Practice of Autonomy
1,977 Citations1988Gerald Dworkin
Science EducationThe effects of instructors' autonomy support and students' autonomous motivation on learning organic chemistry: A self-determination theory perspective
1,880 Citations2000Aaron E. Black, Edward L. Deci
Oxford University Press eBooksExplorations in Personality
1,872 Citations2007Henry A. Murray, Dan P. McAdams
Personality and Social Psychology BulletinNeed Satisfaction, Motivation, and Well-Being in the Work Organizations of a Former Eastern Bloc Country: A Cross-Cultural Study of Self-Determination
1,847 Citations2001Edward L. Deci, Richard M. Ryan +4 more
Journal of Applied Social PsychologyIntrinsic Need Satisfaction: A Motivational Basis of Performance and Weil‐Being in Two Work Settings<sup>1</sup>
1,840 Citations2004Paul P. Baard, Edward L. Deci +1 more
The MIT Press eBooksThe Illusion of Conscious Will
1,664 Citations2018Daniel M. Wegner, Daniel T. Gilbert +1 more
Journal of Educational PsychologyParent styles associated with children's self-regulation and competence in school.
1,645 Citations1989Wendy S. Grolnick, Richard M. Ryan
Journal of PersonalitySelf‐Regulation and the Problem of Human Autonomy: Does Psychology Need Choice, Self‐Determination, and Will?
1,609 Citations2006Richard M. Ryan, Edward L. Deci
There is a universal and cross-developmental value to autonomous regulation when the construct is understood in an exacting way and some of the controversies and terminological issues surrounding the construct of autonomy are addressed.
Handbook of experimental existential psychology
1,593 Citations2004Jeff Greenberg, Sander L. Koole +1 more
Motivation and EmotionThe Role of Autonomy Support and Autonomy Orientation in Prosocial Behavior Engagement
1,371 Citations2003Marylène Gagné
Advances in experimental social psychologyThe Empirical Exploration of Intrinsic Motivational Processes
1,319 Citations1980Edward L. Deci, Richard M. Ryan
The chapter presents the performance-contingent rewards that actually enhance intrinsic motivation when administered in a way that places emphasis on effective performance rather than on reward acquisition.
Psychological InquiryThe Darker and Brighter Sides of Human Existence: Basic Psychological Needs as a Unifying Concept
1,293 Citations2000Richard M. Ryan, Edward L. Deci
Journal of Personality and Social PsychologyAutonomy in children's learning: An experimental and individual difference investigation.
1,179 Citations1987Wendy S. Grolnick, Richard M. Ryan
Journal of Educational PsychologyInner resources for school achievement: Motivational mediators of children's perceptions of their parents.
1,133 Citations1991Wendy S. Grolnick, Richard M. Ryan +1 more
The Philosophical ReviewThe Theory and Practice of Autonomy.
1,127 Citations1993Laura W. Ekstrom, Gerald Dworkin
Journal of Personality and Social PsychologyWithin-person variation in security of attachment: A self-determination theory perspective on attachment, need fulfillment, and well-being.
1,063 Citations2000Jennifer G. La Guardia, Richard M. Ryan +2 more
Journal of Personality and Social PsychologyAutonomy in children's learning: An experimental and individual difference investigation.
953 Citations1987Wendy S. Grolnick, Richard M. Ryan
Assessment of the effects of motivationally relevant conditions and individual differences on emotional experience and performance on a learning task found that children in the controlling condition experienced more pressure and evidenced a greater deterioration in rote learning over an 8-(+/- 1) day follow-up.
Annual Review of PsychologyCOGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT: Children's Knowledge About the Mind
945 Citations1999John H. Flavell
This chapter reviews theory and research on the development of children's knowledge about the mental world, focusing especially on work done during the past 15 years under the rubric of theory-of-mind development.
Motivation and EmotionAssociations Among Perceived Autonomy Support, Forms of Self-Regulation, and Persistence: A Prospective Study
944 Citations2001Luc G. Pelletier, Michelle Fortier +2 more
Journal of Applied Sport PsychologyAutonomy Support and Need Satisfaction in the Motivation and Well-Being of Gymnasts
841 Citations2003Marylène Gagné
Journal of Personality and Social PsychologyOrigins and pawns in the classroom: Self-report and projective assessments of individual differences in children's perceptions.
813 Citations1986Richard M. Ryan, Wendy S. Grolnick
Journal of Educational PsychologyA Prospective Study of Participation in Optional School Physical Education Using a Self-Determination Theory Framework.
745 Citations2005Nikos Ntoumanis
Journal of Occupational and Organizational PsychologyOn the relations among work value orientations, psychological need satisfaction and job outcomes: A self‐determination theory approach
738 Citations2006Maarten Vansteenkiste, Bart Neyrinck +4 more
Journal of Personality and Social PsychologyThe role of need fulfillment in relationship functioning and well-being: A self-determination theory perspective.
729 Citations2007Heather Patrick, C. Raymond Knee +2 more
This research found that those who experienced greater need fulfillment enjoyed better postdisagreement relationship quality primarily because of their tendency to have more intrinsic or autonomous reasons for being in their relationship.
Journal of Cross-Cultural PsychologyParent and Teacher Autonomy-Support in Russian and U.S. Adolescents
718 Citations2001Valery Chirkov, Richard M. Ryan
Journal of Personality and Social PsychologyThe Structure of Goal Contents Across 15 Cultures.
705 Citations2005Frédérick M. E. Grouzet, Tim Kasser +8 more
The authors investigated the structure of goal contents in a group of 1,854 undergraduates from 15 cultures around the world and suggested that the 11 types of goals the authors assessed were consistently organized in a circumplex fashion.
Journal of PersonalitySetting limits on children's behavior: The differential effects of controlling vs. informational styles on intrinsic motivation and creativity
667 Citations1984Richard Koestner, Richard M. Ryan +2 more
Personality and Social Psychology BulletinOn the Importance of Self-Determination for Intrinsically-Motivated Behavior
611 Citations1978Miron Zuckerman, Joseph F. Porac +2 more
Health PsychologyTesting a self-determination theory intervention for motivating tobacco cessation: Supporting autonomy and competence in a clinical trial.
582 Citations2006Geoffrey C. Williams, Holly A. McGregor +5 more
The causal role of autonomy support in the internalization of autonomous motivation, perceived competence, and smoking cessation was supported and the self-determination theory intervention and process model of health behavior change for tobacco cessation was confirmed.
Lirias (KU Leuven)Self-determination theory and basic need satisfaction: Understanding human development in positive psychology.
579 Citations2004Edward L. Deci, Maarten Vansteenkiste
Journal of PersonalityThe Emotional Costs of Parents' Conditional Regard: A Self‐Determination Theory Analysis
565 Citations2003Avi Assor, Guy Roth +1 more
The results suggest that use of conditional regard as a socializing practice can promote enactment of the desired behaviors but does so with significant affective costs.
Life goals and well-being : towards a positive psychology of human striving
564 Citations2001Peter Schmuck, Kennon M. Sheldon
Journal of Personality and Social PsychologyChoice as an act of meaning: The case of social class.
532 Citations2007Nicole K. Stephens, Hazel Rose Markus +1 more
5 studies test the hypotheses that models of agency prevalent in working- class (WK) contexts reflect a normative preference for similarity to others, whereas models prevalent in middle-class (MD) contexts reflects a preference for difference from others.
Journal of Sport PsychologyOn the Causal Effects of Perceived Competence on Intrinsic Motivation: A Test of Cognitive Evaluation Theory
516 Citations1984Robert J. Vallerand, Greg Reid
Personality and Social Psychology BulletinOn the Benefits of Giving as Well as Receiving Autonomy Support: Mutuality in Close Friendships
509 Citations2006Edward L. Deci, Jennifer G. La Guardia +3 more
Giving autonomy support to a friend predicted the givers’ experience of relationship quality over and above the effects of receiving autonomy support from the friend, and when both receiving and giving autonomy support competed for variance in predicting well-being, giving, rather than receiving, autonomy support was the stronger predictor.
Developmental PsychologyThe relations of maternal and social environments to late adolescents' materialistic and prosocial values.
497 Citations1995Tim Kasser, Richard M. Ryan +2 more
Journal of PersonalityIntrinsic motivation and the effects of self‐consciousness, self‐awareness, and ego‐involvement: An investigation of internally controlling styles
496 Citations1985Robert W. Plant, Richard M. Ryan
Journal of Research in PersonalityThe path taken: Consequences of attaining intrinsic and extrinsic aspirations in post-college life
486 Citations2008Christopher P. Niemiec, Richard M. Ryan +1 more
Results indicated that placing importance on either intrinsic or extrinsic aspirations related positively to attainment of those goals, and that change in attainment of intrinsic aspirations was mediated by change in the satisfaction of the basic psychological needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness.
Motivation and EmotionEgo-involved persistence: When free-choice behavior is not intrinsically motivated
457 Citations1991Richard M. Ryan, Richard Koestner +1 more
Journal of Applied Social PsychologyThe Relation of Psychological Needs for Autonomy and Relatedness to Vitality, Well‐Being, and Mortality in a Nursing Home<sup>1</sup>
386 Citations1999Virginia Grow Kasser, Richard M. Ryan
Journal of AdolescenceThe antecedents and consequences of autonomous self‐regulation for college: A self‐determination theory perspective on socialization
367 Citations2006Christopher P. Niemiec, Martin F. Lynch +4 more
Perceived need support from parents does seem important for the development of adolescents' autonomous self-regulation and well-being, although when mothers' and fathers' data were examined separately, the relation was stronger for mothers than for fathers.
Personal RelationshipsOn the interpersonal regulation of emotions: Emotional reliance across gender, relationships, and cultures
282 Citations2005Richard M. Ryan, Jennifer G. La Guardia +3 more
Social motivation: Conscious and unconscious processes
262 Citations2004Joseph P. Forgas, Kipling D. Williams +1 more
Personality and Social Psychology BulletinOn the Compatibility of Autonomy and Relatedness
233 Citations1996Holley S. Hodgins, Richard Koestner +1 more
Journal of Cross-Cultural PsychologyCultural Context and Psychological Needs in Canada and Brazil
228 Citations2005Valery Chirkov, Richard M. Ryan +1 more
Child DevelopmentWho Makes the Choice? Rethinking the Role of Autonomy and Relatedness in Chinese Children’s Motivation
224 Citations2008Xuehua Bao, Shui‐fong Lam
Results suggested that socioemotional relatedness might have facilitated internalization and that children who did not have choice might still feel autonomous, and that autonomy mattered at every level of socioem emotional relatedness.
Annals of Behavioral MedicineThe Importance of Supporting Autonomy and Perceived Competence in Facilitating Long-Term Tobacco Abstinence
209 Citations2009Geoffrey C. Williams, Christopher P. Niemiec +3 more
Smokers in the intervention were more likely to attain both tobacco abstinence outcomes and these effects were partially mediated by change in both autonomous self-regulation and perceived competence from baseline to 6 months.
European Journal of Social PsychologyThe ‘why’ and ‘why not’ of job search behaviour: their relation to searching, unemployment experience, and well‐being
209 Citations2004Maarten Vansteenkiste, Willy Lens +3 more
Motivation and EmotionCompetitively Contingent Rewards and Intrinsic Motivation: Can Losers Remain Motivated?
200 Citations2003Maarten Vansteenkiste, Edward L. Deci
Personality and Social Psychology BulletinSelf-Regulation and Consistency between Attitudes, Traits, and Behaviors
182 Citations1992Richard Koestner, Frank J. Bernieri +1 more
Autonomy, Gender, Politics
178 Citations2003Marilyn Friedman
Self-Determination Theory and the Explanatory Role of Psychological Needs in Human Well-Being*
176 Citations2008Maarten Vansteenkiste, Richard M. Ryan +1 more
Motivation and EmotionAutonomy and Relatedness among Chinese Sojourners and Applicants: Conflictual or Independent Predictors of Well-Being and Adjustment?
176 Citations2006Maarten Vansteenkiste, Willy Lens +2 more
Cambridge University Press eBooksPersonal Autonomy
165 Citations2005James S. Taylor, James S. Taylor +16 more
Child DevelopmentA Cognitive-Developmental Approach to the Effects of Rewards on Intrinsic Motivation
151 Citations1981Fred Danner, Edward Lonky
Personality and Social Psychology BulletinOn the Self-Regulation of Implicit and Explicit Prejudice
130 Citations2007Lisa Legault, Isabelle Green‐Demers +2 more
Assessment of the impact of motivation to regulate prejudice on levels of explicit and implicit prejudice reveals that those with highly self-determined regulation of prejudice demonstrate lower implicit and explicit prejudice than their less self-Determined counterparts.
Personality and Social Psychology BulletinA Motivational Model of Driving Anger and Aggression
112 Citations2002Clayton Neighbors, Nathaniel A. Vietor +1 more
Journal of Experimental Child PsychologyThe Relation of Mothers′ Controlling Vocalizations to Children′s Intrinsic Motivation
111 Citations1993Edward L. Deci, Robert Driver +3 more
It is suggested that the robust laboratory findings of a negative relation between controlling contexts and individuals' intrinsic motivation are directly generalizable to the domain of parenting.
Development and PsychopathologyThe developmental line of autonomy in the etiology, dynamics, and treatment of borderline personality disorders
107 Citations2005Richard M. Ryan
Aspects of treatment, including the emphases on validation and acceptance of the patient's experience, and the cultivation of more reflective or mindful regulation of behavior, can be deduced from this analysis of autonomy disturbance, and these in turn have appeared as the cornerstones of effective treatments for BPD.
Cambridge University Press eBooksAuthenticity, Social Motivation, and Psychological Adjustment
57 Citations2004Michael H. Kernis, B Goldman
The Journal of Positive PsychologyThe energization of health-behavior change: Examining the associations among autonomous self-regulation, subjective vitality, depressive symptoms, and tobacco abstinence
48 Citations2010Christopher P. Niemiec, Richard M. Ryan +3 more
Perspectives in biology and medicineChanging Concepts of Consciousness and Free Will
45 Citations1976R. W. Sperry
How the brain mechanisms generate subjective conscious experience continues to pose the number one problem for brain research and one of the most truly mystifying unknowns remaining in the whole of science.
…
