Learning Strategies: A Theoretical Perspective11This research was supported by ONR contract number N00014-76-C-0838, and by ARPA order number 2284. The support and encouragement of Harold F. O'Neil, Jr., Cybernetics Technology Office, ARPA; and of Marshall Farr and Henry Halff, Personnel and Training Research Programs, ONR, is gratefully acknowledged. Views and conclusions contained in this document are those of the author and should not be interpreted as necessarily representing the official policies, either expressed or implied, of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency or of the United States Government.
Elsevier eBooksPublished 1 January 1978
Joseph W. Rigney
Citations206
Generate an AI Snapshot to get a quick, structured summary of this paper.
Study Snapshot
ObjectiveStudy objective
MethodsResearch methodology
PopulationPopulation studied
Sample sizeSample sizes
OutcomesStudy outcomes here
ResultsStudy results comes here
LimitationsResearch study limitations comes here
A concise AI-generated summary of the paper will appear here once you click Generate AI Snapshot.
Abstract
This chapter reviews the idea that students can be taught to be more effective learners as opposed to being taught subject matter. Cognitive strategies facilitate the acquisition, retention, and retrieval of information. A cognitive strategy is composed of two parts: (1) a cognitive orienting task and (2) one or more representational, selectional, or self-directional capabilities. The term orienting task designates methods for inducing the student to perform particular kinds of operations. Orienting tasks help gauge performance of cognitive processes and enable more optimal usage of the same. Such processes utilize representational as well as selectional resources. Representational resources include propositional and appositional processes of the left and right cerebral hemispheres, chiefly language and imagery. Selectional resources consist of attentional and intentional processes. Self-directional resources include self-programming and self-monitoring processes. Although cognitive strategies are always performed by the student, initiation of their use may come from the student's self-instructions or from an instructional system. The processing operations students perform constitute a cognitive strategy that may or may not be apparent to them.
Keywords
PsychologyComputer ScienceBusiness, Management and Accounting
Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal BehaviorLevels of processing: A framework for memory research
9,538 Citations1972Fergus I. M. Craik, Robert S. Lockhart
An alternative framework for human memory research is outlined in terms of depth or levels of processing and some current data and arguments are reexamined in the light of this alternative framework.
The Psychology of learning and motivation/The psychology of learning and motivationHuman Memory: A Proposed System and its Control Processes
7,003 Citations1968R. C. Atkinson, Richard M. Shiffrin
This chapter presents a general theoretical framework of human memory and describes the results of a number of experiments designed to test specific models that can be derived from the overall theory.
Journal of Experimental Psychology GeneralDepth of processing and the retention of words in episodic memory.
3,882 Citations1975Fergus I. M. Craik, Endel Tulving
Cognitive PsychologyOn data-limited and resource-limited processes
2,382 Citations1975Donald A. Norman, Daniel G. Bobrow
The principles discussed show that conclusions about the interactions among psychological processes must be made with caution, and some existing assumptions may be unwarranted, as well as resulting in some new interpretations of interactions among competing psychological processes.
What the Mind’s Eye Tells the Mind’s Brain: A Critique of Mental Imagery
1,354 Citations1973Zenon W. Pylyshyn
SciencePupil Size in Relation to Mental Activity during Simple Problem-Solving
1,195 Citations1964Eckhard H. Hess, James M. Polt
Changes in pupil size during the solving of simple multiplication problems can be used as a direct measure of mental activity and shows that mental activity is closely correlated with problem difficulty, and that the size of the pupil increases with the difficulty of the problem.
Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal BehaviorThe role of rehearsal in short-term memory
609 Citations1973Fergus I. M. Craik, Michael J. Watkins
Accretion, Tuning and Restructuring: Three Modes of Learning
573 Citations1976David E. Rumelhart, Donald A. Norman
This paper proposes three different mechanisms that seem to be responsible for the different phases of the learning of complex topic matters: accretion, restructuring, and tuning.
Memory & CognitionPerceptual comparisons through the mind’s eye
541 Citations1975Allan Paivio
Four experiments tested a theory of memory and cognition which assumes that verbal and nonverbal information are processed in functionally distinct LTM systems, and results cannot be easily explained by current verbal coding or abstract theories of LTM representations.
Elsevier eBooksSOME PRINCIPLES OF MEMORY SCHEMATA
465 Citations1975Daniel G. Bobrow, Donald A. Norman
This chapter discusses the nature of memory reference processes that can lead automatically, without particular effort, to the richness of the retrievals that it is believed to be a fundamental property of human memory.
American PsychologistMnemotechnics in second-language learning.
444 Citations1975Richard C. Atkinson
In conducting vocabulary learning experiments, I have been struck by the incredible variability in learning rates across subjects; even Stanford University students, who are a fairly select sample, display impressively large betweensubject differences.
The Psychology of learning and motivation/The psychology of learning and motivationOn Asking People Questions about What They are Reading
376 Citations1975Richard C. Anderson, W. Barry Biddle
International Journal of Man-Machine StudiesLearning strategies and individual competence
369 Citations1972Gordon Pask, Bernard Scott
Elsevier eBooksTHE STRUCTURE OF EPISODES IN MEMORY
314 Citations1975Roger C. Schank
This chapter discusses that the process of understanding is, in large part, the assigning of new input conceptualizations to causal sequences and the inference of remembered conceptualizations that will allow for complete causal chains.
ScienceMeaning, Memory Structure, and Mental Processes
310 Citations1976David E. Meyer, Roger W. Schvaneveldt
It has been found that close relations between the meanings of words help people to recognize and pronounce the words faster, especially when the words are hard to see because of visual distortions.
Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & PerformanceMental transformation in the identification of left and right hands.
293 Citations1975Lynn A. Cooper, Roger N. Shepard
It is proposed that subjects determine whether a visually presented hand is left or right by moving a mental "phantom" of one of their own hands into the portrayed position and by then comparing its imagined appearance against the appearance of the externally presented hand.
SciencePerceptual Illusion of Rotation of Three-Dimensional Objects
221 Citations1976Roger N. Shepard, Sherryl A. Judd
Perspective views of the same three-dimensional object in two orientations, when presented in alternation, produced an illusion of rigid rotation.
Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal BehaviorImproving memory for prose: The relationship between depth of processing and context
188 Citations1976Diane L. Schallert
Recall and recognition measures indicated that students remembered more information and more context-consonant information when given instructions which required processing the paragraphs at a semantic level, and context was a powerful determiner of which meaning was remembered from polysemous paragraphs only when incoming information was processed at a deeper, more semantic level.
Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & PsychiatryHemispheric lateralization of singing after intracarotid sodium amylobarbitone
178 Citations1974Harold W. Gordon, Joseph E. Bogen
Hemispheric lateralization of singing was investigated in patients who had transient hemiplegia after intracarotid injection of sodium amylobarbitone and indicated a double dissociation; the right hemisphere contributed more for singing, whereas the left demonstrated its usual dominance for speech.
ScienceOperant Control of Occipital Theta Rhythm Affects Performance in a Radar Monitoring Task
161 Citations1974J. Thomas Beatty, Arana Greenberg +2 more
Results demonstrate a lawful relationship between operantly regulated cortical activity and behavior in man and suppression of theta activity by operant methods enhances monitoring efficiency, whereas theta augmentation further degrades task performance.
Elsevier eBooksMULTIPLE REPRESENTATIONS OF KNOWLEDGE FOR TUTORIAL REASONING
159 Citations1975John Seely Brown, Richard R. Burton
SOPHIE is an intelligent instructional system that reflects a major attempt to extend Carbonell's notion of mixed-initiative Computer Aided Instruction for the purpose of encouraging a wider range of student initiatives.
Elsevier eBooksREASONING FROM INCOMPLETE KNOWLEDGE
158 Citations1975Allan Collins, Eleanor H. Warnock +2 more
This chapter describes this kind of human reasoning in terms of how a computer can be made to reason in the same illogical way as human reasoning, and presents SCHOLAR, a computer program whose knowledge about the world is stored in a semantic network structured like human memory.
American PsychologistComputerized instruction and the learning process.
123 Citations1968Richard C. Atkinson
CAT of late seems to have produced little more than a repetition of ideas that were exciting in the 1950s but, in the absence of new research, are simply well-worn cliches in the late 1960s.
Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics SocietyMeasures of Attention as Predictors of Flight Performance
82 Citations1976Robert A. North, Daniel Gopher
A new technique for measuring individual differences in basic attention capabilities and the validity of these differences in predicting success in flight training were investigated and several dimensions of attention capabilities are suggested.
Memory & CognitionThe attentional demands of mnemonic control processes
79 Citations1976Douglas Griffith
Only mediator type had an effect on recall accuracy and on EPC during both initial processing and recall, and subject-generated mediators resulted in higher recall and in higher EPC During initial processing, but in lower EPCDuring recall, than did experimenter-supplied mediators.
SciencePattern-Analyzing Memory
75 Citations1976Paul A. Kolers
College students reread text after an interval of 13 to 15 months more rapidly than they read new matter taken from the same sources, suggesting a memory system at the level of pattern analysis that seems to be distinguishable from memory of syntactic and semantic features of text.
DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology)Uses of Technology to Enhance Education
68 Citations1973Seymour Papert
Cognitive PsychologyNatural language mediation
64 Citations1971Lubomir S. Prytulak
A model of natural language mediation, hypothesized to work sequentially through a stack of transformations until some one T succeeded in turning the CVC into a familiar word, argues for the abandonment of the traditional rote-learning orientation.
The Psychology of learning and motivation/The psychology of learning and motivationExperimental Analysis of Learning To Learn
41 Citations1970Leo Postman
This chapter discusses the experimental analysis of learning to learn, and the usual point of departure in the analysis of nonspecific transfer has been the distinction between warm-up and learning to learning, both of which are assumed to contribute to the improvement in performance as the learner moves from one task to the next.
Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal BehaviorThe structure and recall of narrative prose
23 Citations1976Donald R. Gentner
Human Memory and the Concept of Reinforcement
18 Citations1969Richard C. Atkinson, Thomas D. Wickens
Journal of Mathematical PsychologyQuestion-answering by a semantic network of parallel automata
10 Citations1976Joseph Fiksel, Gordon H. Bower
It is shown that the network of automata can determine the existence of such a path using only local computation, meaning that each automaton communicates only with its immediate neighbors in the network.
PsycEXTRA DatasetThe effects of interactive graphic analogies on recall of concepts in chemistry.
4 Citations1975Joseph W. Rigney, Kathy A. Lutz
Two versions of a CAI lesson on how a simple battery works were designed to elaborate conceptual and topographic information either verbally or pictorially, generally supported by the literature on mental imagery in learning and memory.
PsycEXTRA DatasetCAI and imagery: Interactive computer graphics for teaching about invisible processes.
2 Citations1974Joseph W. Rigney, Kathy A. Lutz
The possibility that there are two overlapping internal analogue representational systems, one for organismic states and the other for external world dimensionalities and objects, was considered.