Psychosocial Disability in the Course of Bipolar I and II Disorders
Archives of General PsychiatryPublished 1 December 2005
Lewis L. Judd, Hagop S. Akiskal, Pamela J. Schettler, Jean Endicott, Andrew C. Leon, David A. Solomon
Citations568
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TL;DR
Important findings for clinical management are the following: depressive episodes and symptoms, which dominate the course of BP-I and BP-II, are equal to or more disabling than corresponding levels of manic or hypomanic symptoms, and subsyndromal depressive symptoms are associated with significant impairment.
Abstract
Psychosocial disability fluctuates in parallel with changes in affective symptom severity in BP-I and BP-II. Important findings for clinical management are the following: (1) depressive episodes and symptoms, which dominate the course of BP-I and BP-II, are equal to or more disabling than corresponding levels of manic or hypomanic symptoms; (2) subsyndromal depressive symptoms, but not subsyndromal manic or hypomanic symptoms, are associated with significant impairment; and (3) subsyndromal hypomanic symptoms appear to enhance functioning in BP-II.
Keywords
PsychologyMedicineHealth Professions
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