Decreased β-Amyloid<sub>1-42</sub>and Increased Tau Levels in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Patients With Alzheimer Disease
JAMAPublished 22 April 2003
Trey Sunderland, Gary Linker, Nadeem Q. Mirza, Karen Putnam, David L. Friedman, Lida Kimmel
Citations650
SJR quartileQ1
SJR score5.35
SNIP10.71
Generate an AI Snapshot to get a quick, structured summary of this paper.
Study Snapshot
ObjectiveStudy objective
MethodsResearch methodology
PopulationPopulation studied
Sample sizeSample sizes
OutcomesStudy outcomes here
ResultsStudy results comes here
LimitationsResearch study limitations comes here
A concise AI-generated summary of the paper will appear here once you click Generate AI Snapshot.
TL;DR
The findings suggest that the 2 measures, CSF beta-amyloid and tau, are biological markers of AD pathophysiology and may have a potential clinical utility as biomarkers of disease.
Abstract
Alzheimer disease is associated with a significant decrease in CSF beta-amyloid1-42 levels along with an increase in CSF tau levels. These findings suggest that the 2 measures are biological markers of AD pathophysiology. While these CSF measures may have a potential clinical utility as biomarkers of disease, the preliminary and retrospective nature of the findings, the absence of assay standardization, and the lack of comparison patient populations must be addressed in future studies testing the usefulness of these CSF measures for predictive, diagnostic, or treatment evaluation purposes.
Keywords
MedicineBiochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Encyclopedia of Social WorkDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
109,983 Citations2013Janet B. W. Williams, Michael B. First
Journal of Psychiatric Research“Mini-mental state”
86,858 Citations1975Marshal F. Folstein, Susan E. Folstein +1 more
A simplified, scored form of the cognitive mental status examination, the “Mini-Mental State” (MMS) which includes eleven questions, requires only 5-10 min to administer, and is therefore practical to use serially and routinely.
Computers Environment and Urban SystemsStatistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences
65,645 Citations1990
NeurologyClinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease
27,993 Citations1984Guy M. McKhann, David A. Drachman +4 more
The criteria proposed are intended to serve as a guide for the diagnosis of probable, possible, and definite Alzheimer's disease; these criteria will be revised as more definitive information becomes available.
McGraw-Hill Book CompanyStatistical principles in experimental design.
26,927 Citations1962B. J. WINER
BiometricsClassification and Regression Trees.
23,841 Citations1984Alexander Gordon, Leo Breiman +3 more
Journal of Educational StatisticsStatistical Methods for Meta-Analysis
10,479 Citations1988Stanley Wasserman, Larry V. Hedges +1 more
The British Journal of PsychiatryA New Clinical Scale for the Staging of Dementia
7,049 Citations1982Charles P. Hughes, Leonard van den Berg +3 more
The Clinical Dementia Rating (CRD) was developed for a prospective study of mild senile dementia—Alzheimer type (SDAT), and was found to distinguish unambiguously among older subjects with a wide range of cognitive function.
American Journal of PsychiatryThe Global Deterioration Scale for assessment of primary degenerative dementia
5,012 Citations1982Barry Reisberg, Steven H. Ferris +2 more
The authors describe a Global Deterioration Scale for the assessment of primary degenerative dementia and delineation of its stages and have used it successfully for more than 5 years and validated it against behavioral, neuroanatomic, and neurophysiologic measures in patients with primary degeneratives dementia.
Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease (CERAD)
2,416 Citations2002Gerda G. Fillenbaum, Albert Heyman
NeurologyPractice parameter: Management of dementia (an evidence-based review) [RETIRED]
1,722 Citations2001Rachelle S. Doody, J E Stevens +9 more
Molecular and Chemical Neuropathologytau protein in cerebrospinal fluid
799 Citations1995Kaj Blennow, Anders Wallin +4 more
It is demonstrated that elevated tau/PHFtau levels are consistently found in CSF of AD patients and CSF-tau may therefore be useful as a positive biochemical marker, to discriminate AD from normal aging, PD, and depressive pseudodementia.
NeurologyImproved discrimination of AD patients using β-amyloid <sub>(1-42)</sub> and tau levels in CSF
732 Citations1999Frank Hulstaert, Kaj Blennow +12 more
The combined measure of CSF Aβ42 and tau meets the requirements for clinical use in discriminating AD from normal aging and specific neurologic disorders.
BMJEvidence base of clinical diagnosis: The architecture of diagnostic research
703 Citations2002D L Sackett
This article focuses on the specific kinds of questions that arise in diagnostic research and the study architectures (the conversions of these clinical questions into appropriate research designs) used to answer them.
Annals of NeurologyReduction of β‐amyloid peptide<sub>42</sub> in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Alzheimer's disease
694 Citations1995Ruth Motter, Carmen Vigo‐Pelfrey +15 more
Archives of NeurologyCerebrospinal Fluid β-Amyloid(1-42) in Alzheimer Disease
657 Citations1999Niels Andreasen, Camilla Hesse +7 more
It is suggested that CSF-beta-amyloid(1-42) analyses may be of value in the clinical diagnosis of AD, especially in the early course of the disease, when drug therapy may have the greatest potential of being effective but clinical diagnosis is particularly difficult.
Archives of NeurologyPlasma and Cerebrospinal Fluid Levels of Amyloid β Proteins 1-40 and 1-42 in Alzheimer Disease
580 Citations2000Pankaj Mehta, Tuula Pirttilä +4 more
Examination of plasma and cerebrospinal fluid levels in patients with probable Alzheimer disease and elderly nondemented control subjects in relation to the apolipoprotein E (Apo E) genotype and dementia severity found lower levels of CSF Aβ42 in the AD group are consistent with previous studies.
Archives of NeurologyEvaluation of CSF-tau and CSF-Aβ42 as Diagnostic Markers for Alzheimer Disease in Clinical Practice
570 Citations2001Niels Andreasen, Lennart Minthon +5 more
Cerebrospinal fluid tau and CSF-Abeta42 may have a role in the clinical workup of patients with cognitive impairment, especially to differentiate early AD from normal aging and psychiatric disorders.
Journal of NeurochemistryDetection of Proteins in Normal and Alzheimer's Disease Cerebrospinal Fluid with a Sensitive Sandwich Enzyme‐Linked Immunosorbent Assay
491 Citations1993Marc Vandermeeren, Marc Mercken +5 more
Results indicate that CSF levels are significantly increased in Alzheimer's disease, and CSF levels in a large group of patients with a diversity of neurological diseases showed overlap with CSF levels in Alzheimer's disease.
Archives of NeurologyHigh Cerebrospinal Fluid Tau and Low Amyloid β42 Levels in the Clinical Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease and Relation to Apolipoprotein E Genotype
445 Citations1998Douglas Galasko, L. Chang +14 more
Combined analysis of CSF Abeta42 and tau levels discriminated patients with AD, including patients with mild dementia, from the NC group, supporting use of these proteins to identify AD and to distinguish early AD from aging.
Clinical ChemistryTau and Aβ42 in Cerebrospinal Fluid from Healthy Adults 21–93 Years of Age: Establishment of Reference Values
441 Citations2001Magnus Sjögren, Hugo Vanderstichele +13 more
These reference values can be applied when using CSF-tau and CSf-Abeta42 in clinical practice and no correlation was found between blood-brain barrier function and CSF -tau orCSF- Abeta42.
Annals of NeurologyLongitudinal study of cerebrospinal fluid levels of tau, Aβ1–40, and Aβ1–42(43) in Alzheimer's disease: A study in Japan
342 Citations1998Mitsuyasu Kanai, E. Matsubara +23 more
It is suggested that CSF tau may increase with the clinical progression of dementia and that the alteration of the CSF level of Aβ1–42(43) and the ratio of A β1–40 to Aβ 1–42 (43) may start at early stages in AD.
AmyloidStandardization of measurement of β-amyloid<sub>(1-42)</sub>in cerebrospinal fluid and plasma
304 Citations2000Hugo Vanderstichele, E Van Kerschaver +8 more
It emerged that Aβ42 is a useful biochemical marker for the diagnosis of AD patients, but there is a need for an international Aβ standard, a universally accepted protocol for CSF preparation, and a thorough evaluation of assay performance in function of the boundary conditions.
Annals of NeurologyTau in cerebrospinal fluid: A potential diagnostic marker in Alzheimer's disease
298 Citations1995Hiroyuki Arai, Masanori Terajima +10 more
The results suggest that cerebrospinal fluid tau might reflect the progressive accumulation of altered tau due to the progressive death of neurons in the AD brain, and that the enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay of cerebro Spinal Fluid tau may prove to be a reliable and early diagnostic test for AD.
Molecular NeurobiologyCSF Total tau, Aβ42 and Phosphorylated tau Protein as Biomarkers for Alzheimer's Disease
268 Citations2001Kaj Blennow, Eugeen Vanmechelen +1 more
Annals of NeurologyLarge‐scale, multicenter study of cerebrospinal fluid tau protein phosphorylated at serine 199 for the antemortem diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease
253 Citations2001Nobuo Itoh, Hiroyuki Arai +15 more
It is suggested that CSF/phospho‐tau199 may be a novel and logical biomarker in supporting antemortem diagnosis of AD.
Journal of Neural TransmissionCSF levels of tau, β-amyloid 1-42 and GAP-43 in frontotemporal dementia, other types of dementia and normal aging
246 Citations2000Magnus Sjögren, Lennart Minthon +7 more
Cerebrospinal fluid levels of tau, β-amyloid1–42 and growth-associated protein 43 were studied in patients with frontotemporal dementia, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and dysthymia and in age-matched controls and the results suggest normal levels of CSF-tau andCSF-β- amyloid 1–42 in FTD, which will aid in the clinical separation of FTD from AD.
Contemporary Sociology A Journal of ReviewsJudgment Studies: Design, Analysis, and Meta-Analysis.
236 Citations1989Cecilia Ridgeway, Robert Rosenthal
Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & PsychiatryCerebrospinal fluid tau protein as a biochemical marker for Alzheimer's disease: a community based follow up study
229 Citations1998Nancy C. Andreasen, Eugeen Vanmechelen +8 more
The findings confirm the high sensitivity of CSF-tau for the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease, but high CSF -tau was also found in vascular dementia, resulting in a lower specificity.
NeurologyElevation of microtubule-associated protein tau in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Alzheimer's disease
226 Citations1995Carmen Vigo‐Pelfrey, Peter Seubert +9 more
It is suggested that CSF tau is elevated in AD and might be a useful aid in antemortem diagnosis and comparing AD patients with all other groups is highly statistically significant.
Journal of the Neurological SciencesCombination assay of CSF Tau, Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42(43) as a biochemical marker of Alzheimer's disease
220 Citations1998Mikio Shoji, Etsuro Matsubara +15 more
Combination assay for CSF tau, Aβ1-40 and A β1-42(43) in CSF is a biological marker of AD and may be useful to biochemically monitor subjects under treatment.
Annals of NeurologyCerebrospinal fluid A?42 is increased early in sporadic Alzheimer's disease and declines with disease progression
216 Citations1999Malene Jensen, Johannes Schr�der +11 more
It is found that Aβ42 is strongly elevated in early and mid stages of AD, and thereafter it declines with disease progression, and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays specific for A β42 and Aβ40 are used to investigate cerebrospinal fluid from sporadic AD at different stages of disease severity.
NeurologySensitivity, specificity, and stability of CSF-tau in AD in a community-based patient sample
210 Citations1999Nancy C. Andreasen, Lennart Minthon +7 more
CSF-tau has a high sensitivity and specificity to differentiate AD from normal aging and depression, as demonstrated in a large community-based series of consecutive AD patients during which analyses were run continually in a clinical neurochemical laboratory.
Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive DisordersCerebrospinal Fluid Beta-Amyloid 42 Is Reduced before the Onset of Sporadic Dementia: A Population-Based Study in 85-Year-Olds
194 Citations2003Ingmar Skoog, Pia Davidsson +4 more
This study suggests that low CSF-Aβ42 is found also in an unselected population-based sample of old demented patients and provides the first evidence of a disturbance in the metabolism of Aβ, specifically involving Aβ42, before the onset of clinical symptoms in AD.
American Journal of PsychiatryMulticenter clinicopathological correlation in dementia
188 Citations1995J Victoroff, Wendy J. Mack +2 more
Clinicians accurately predict Alzheimer's disease-type neuropathological findings in a high proportion of cases of dementia but may not predict cerebrovascular pathology and Lewy bodies in some patients with apparent clinical Alzheimer's Disease and may often fail to predict Alzheimer’s disease- type pathological findings in patients with evident vascular dementia.
Neuroscience LettersPhosphorylated tau in human cerebrospinal fluid is a diagnostic marker for Alzheimer's disease
177 Citations1999Koichi Ishiguro, Hideto Ohno +7 more
Elevated phosphorylated CSF-tau levels were significantly higher in AD patients than those in non-AD controls, indicating that elevated phosphorylation in CSF is a more specific diagnostic marker for AD.
NeurologyDecreased β-amyloid <sub>1-42</sub> in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
172 Citations2000Markus Otto, Hermann Esselmann +12 more
Low levels of Abeta1-42 in CSF do not exclude a diagnosis of CJD and can occur without beta-amyloid plaque formation in the brain, however the underlying mechanism of this phenomenon must be elucidated.
Neuroscience LettersIncreased tau in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer's disease
167 Citations1999A.J.E Green, Richard Harvey +2 more
This study shows that CSF tau is significantly raised in patients with frontotemporal dementia and does not correlate with disease severity as assessed by the Mini Mental State Examination score (MMSE).
NeurologyDecreased CSF amyloid β42 and normal tau levels in dementia with Lewy bodies
161 Citations2000Kazutomi Kanemaru, Noriyoshi Kameda +1 more
Alzheimer Disease & Associated DisordersClinically Diagnosed Alzheimer Disease
152 Citations1992Mario F. Mendez, Angeline R. Mastri +2 more
In a broad sample of practitioners, accuracy of clinical diagnosis of AD may be improving, but continues to be hampered by difficulty in distinguishing the dementia of AD from certain dementing conditions and from AD mixed with other neuropathologic conditions.
Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive DisordersDecreased CSF-β-Amyloid 42 in Alzheimer’s Disease and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis May Reflect Mismetabolism of β-Amyloid Induced by Disparate Mechanisms
149 Citations2002Magnus Sjögren, Pia Davidsson +6 more
Using CSF-phosphotau may improve the differentiation of AD from FTD and ALS in clinical praxis and decreased CSf-Aβ42 levels may be common in neurodegenerative disorders possibly reflecting changes in the metabolism of β-amyloid or axonal degeneration.
Journal of the Neurological SciencesAmyloid β protein 42(43) in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Alzheimer's disease
141 Citations1997Akira Tamaoka, Naoya Sawamura +8 more
It can be assumed that amino the ratios of terminal truncations and/or modifications of CSF-Aβ42( 43) with carboxy termini ending at residue 42(43) were more increased in the AD group than in the CTR group.
Annals of NeurologyCerebrospinal fluid levels of amyloid β‐protein in alzheimer's disease: Inverse correlation with severity of dementia and effect of apolipoprotein e genotype
114 Citations1995Roger M. Nitsch, G. William Rebeck +9 more
It is found that levels of Aβ in CSF of AD patients were inversely correlated both to cognitive and to functional measures of dementia severity, and levels of APPs and of τ did not correlate with dementia severity.
European NeurologyAge-Dependent Change in the Levels of Aβ40 and Aβ42 in Cerebrospinal Fluid from Control Subjects, and a Decrease in the Ratio of Aβ42 to Aβ40 Level in Cerebrospinal Fluid from Alzheimer’s Disease Patients
114 Citations2000Ryuichi Fukuyama, Toshiki Mizuno +5 more
The data suggest that the physiological metabolism of soluble Abetas in the brain is regulated in an age-dependent manner, and that the ratio of Abeta42 to Abeta40 level in the CSF would be a useful marker for monitoring progression of AD.
Biological PsychiatryLongitudinal stability of CSF tau levels in Alzheimer patients
108 Citations1999Trey Sunderland, Benjamin Wolozin +8 more
CSF t Tau levels are stable over extended periods of time in a group of mild-to-moderately demented AD subjects and that CSF tau levels do not predict the severity or rate of progression of AD, at least not during the middle stages of the illness.
Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & PsychiatryTau protein concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with dementia of the Alzheimer type.
104 Citations1995R E Tato, Ana Frank +1 more
Tau protein concentrations were measured in the CSF of 23 patients with dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT), 36 patients with multi-infarct dementia (MID), and 23 control subjects to find a positive correlation between CSF tau protein and glucose concentrations and evolution of disease.
Annals of NeurologyAmyloid β protein levels in cerebrospinal fluid are elevated in early‐onset Alzheimer's disease
103 Citations1994Tamiko Nakamura, Mikio Shoji +9 more
The level of Aβ in the CSF is elevated in early‐onset AD patients and is suggested to be correlated with the pathology in the brain that characterizes AD.
Neurobiology of AgingRelationship between apoE genotype and CSF β-amyloid (1â42) and tau in patients with probable and definite Alzheimer's disease
97 Citations2000Tero Tapiola
Brain ResearchDiscriminant power of combined cerebrospinal fluid τ protein and of the soluble interleukin-6 receptor complex in the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease1Preliminary parts of this study have been presented in abstract form at the 6th International Conference on Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders, July 18–23, 1998, Amsterdam, The Netherlands and at the 28th Annual Meeting of the Society for Neuroscience, November 7–12, 1998, Los Angeles, CA, USA.1
94 Citations1999Harald Hampel, Stefan Teipel +14 more
NeurologyCombined assessment of tau and neuronal thread protein in Alzheimer’s disease CSF
89 Citations2000P. Averback
Alzheimer Disease & Associated DisordersTau Protein in Cerebrospinal Fluid Is Significantly Increased at the Earliest Clinical Stage of Alzheimer Disease
86 Citations1998Alexander Kurz, Markus J. Riemenschneider +5 more
It is demonstrated that CSF tau is significantly increased at the earliest clinical stage of AD and shows only minimal overlap with age-matched cognitively healthy controls and suggests that CSf tau could be a biological marker of AD even before dementia has developed.
Neuroscience LettersCerebrospinal beta-amyloid (1–42) in early Alzheimer's disease: association with apolipoprotein E genotype and cognitive decline
85 Citations2000Markus J. Riemenschneider, Michael Schmolke +5 more
It is concluded that measurement of Abeta42 in CSF might be helpful for identifying AD at an early stage and also for tracking the clinical course.
Annals of NeurologyConcentrations of amyloid β protein in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with alzheimer's disease
84 Citations1995Willem A. van Gool, G.J.M. Walstra +3 more
It is suggested that concentrations of soluble Aβ in cerebrospinal fluid as measured in this study do not reflect the amount of fibrillar, aggregated A β in the brain of patients with Alzheimer's disease.
Alzheimer Disease & Associated DisordersTau Protein in Cerebrospinal Fluid
82 Citations1998Patrizia Mecocci, Antonio Cherubini +5 more
European NeurologyCerebrospinal Fluid Levels of Amyloid Precursor Protein and Amyloid β-Peptide in Alzheimer’s Disease and Major Depression – Inverse Correlation with Dementia Severity
81 Citations1998Christoph Höck, Sidonie Golombowski +11 more
In AD patients, CSF levels of total Aβ were inversely correlated with a functional measure of dementia severity (NOSGER), suggesting that CSf levels of Aβ decrease with advancing severity of AD, and CSF Levels of A β are not useful for the differentiation of AD from major depression.
NeurodegenerationA Population-based Study of tau Protein and Ubiquitin in Cerebrospinal Fluid in 85-year-olds: Relation to Severity of Dementia and Cerebral Atrophy, but not to the Apolipoprotein E4 Allele
77 Citations1995Ingmar Skoog, Eugeen Vanmechelen +5 more
The less pronounced increase in CSF-tau and the lack of difference inCSF-ubiquitin in older patients suggest that the severity of the degenerative process is less in older than in younger demented patients.
European Journal of NeurologyCSF tau protein and<i>β</i>‐amyloid (1–42) in Alzheimer's disease diagnosis: discrimination from normal ageing and other dementias in the Greek population
76 Citations2003E. Kapaki, George P. Paraskevas +2 more
The combined use of CSF tau and Aβ42 in the form of the tau/Aβ42 ratio is a simple, safe and useful adjuvant to clinical criteria for dementia diagnosis.
Neuroscience LettersCerebrospinal fluid tau protein shows a better discrimination in young old (<70 years) than in old old patients with Alzheimer's disease compared with controls
65 Citations1999Katharina Buch, Frank Padberg +10 more
It is suggested that the effect of age should be considered in studies investigating CSF tau as a diagnostic marker for neurodegenerative disorders, as the discriminative power of tau is higher in the young than in the old.
Methods and Findings in Experimental and Clinical PharmacologyBasic and clinical studies on the measurement of tau protein incerebrospinal fluid as a biological marker of Alzheimer's diseaseand related disorders: Multicenter study in Japan
57 Citations1998Takashi Nishimura, Mamoru Takeda +2 more
PubMedTau protein in cerebrospinal fluid as an aid in the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease.
56 Citations1995W A Munroe, Paula C. Southwick +6 more
CSF levels of tau protein may provide a useful biochemical marker to aid in the clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease.
Archives of NeurologyCerebrospinal Fluid Concentrations of Soluble Amyloid β-Protein and Apolipoprotein E in Patients With Alzheimer's Disease
53 Citations1996Tuula Pirttilä
There was a tendency toward an inverse correlation between the amount of amyloid beta-protein in the frontal cortex extracts and the soluble amyloids beta- protein level in CSF, which may reflect amyloidal accumulation in brain blood vessels.
Neuroscience LettersNo increase in cerebrospinal fluid tau protein levels in patients with vascular dementia
51 Citations1998Hiroyuki Arai, Takuma Satoh‐Nakagawa +7 more
It is suggested that VD constitutes a group of dementias that can be separated from AD by normal CSF-tau levels, and CSF/ml determinations in combination with other clinical findings may provide another diagnostic aid in the differential diagnosis between VD and AD.
NeuroreportTau and apo E in CSF
50 Citations1999Laurence Molina, J. Touchon +8 more
This study showed a significant increase of the mean CSF tau concentration in DAT patients compared with that from non-DAT patients, and a significative decrease of CSf tau in patients with frontotemporal dementia was found.
Journal of Neural TransmissionClinical significance of neurobiochemical profiles in the lumbar cerebrospinal fluid of Alzheimer’s disease patients
46 Citations2001N. Rösler, Ildiko Wichart +1 more
The combined evaluation of Aβ42-IR and TTIR in this cross-sectional study resulted in a graph separating AD from non-AD patients with increased specificity of 91% and 75% for AD versus OND and NAD, respectively.
Neuroscience LettersDependence of cerebrospinal fluid Tau protein levels on apolipoprotein E4 allele frequency in patients with Alzheimer's disease
44 Citations1997Sidonie Golombowski, F. Müller‐Spahn +3 more
It is found that CSF levels of Tau increase with increasing APOE allele frequency (Spearman rank correlation, zeta = 2.71, P = 0.007), in agreement with reports of a lesser binding of ApoE4 to Tau, compared to apoE2 and apo3, resulting in higher levels of unbound Tau in CSF.
Alzheimer Disease & Associated DisordersRelationships Among Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers in Dementia of the Alzheimer Type
42 Citations2002John G. Csernansky, J. Philip Miller +2 more
Increased severity of dementia was correlated with increased CSF tau concentrations and decreased sAPP and A&bgr;total concentrations, which significantly discriminated DAT and control subjects.
Journal of the American Geriatrics SocietyEffect of Genetic Risk Factors and Disease Progression on the Cerebrospinal Fluid Tau Levels in Alzheimer's Disease
24 Citations1997Hiroyuki Arai, Masanori Terajima +9 more
This study was undertaken to gain insights into the clinical utility of measuring cerebrospinal fluid tau protein to aid in the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease.