Tides of tolerance
NaturePublished 1 November 2001
Karl Sigmund, Martin A. Nowak
Citations63
SJR quartileQ1
SJR score18.29
SNIP10.16
Generate an AI Snapshot to get a quick, structured summary of this paper.
Study Snapshot
ObjectiveStudy objective
MethodsResearch methodology
PopulationPopulation studied
Sample sizeSample sizes
OutcomesStudy outcomes here
ResultsStudy results comes here
LimitationsResearch study limitations comes here
A concise AI-generated summary of the paper will appear here once you click Generate AI Snapshot.
TL;DR
Two new computer simulations provide a plausible answer to the question of how humans have a tendency to cooperate and help each other.
Abstract
Humans, and many other species, have a tendency to cooperate and help each other. But how does such behaviour evolve? Some new computer simulations provide a plausible answer.
Keywords
PsychologySocial SciencesPhysics and Astronomy
Journal of Theoretical BiologyThe genetical evolution of social behaviour. I
15,784 Citations1964W D Hamilton
A genetical mathematical model is described which allows for interactions between relatives on one another's fitness and a quantity is found which incorporates the maximizing property of Darwinian fitness, named “inclusive fitness”.
The Selfish Gene
10,510 Citations1976Richard Dawkins
Ornithological ApplicationsCulture and the Evolutionary Process
7,218 Citations1986James R. Griesemer, Robert Boyd +1 more
NatureEvolution of indirect reciprocity by image scoring
2,729 Citations1998Martin A. Nowak, Karl Sigmund
It is proposed that the emergence of indirect reciprocity was a decisive step for the evolution of human societies and the probability of knowing the ‘image’ of the recipient must exceed the cost-to-benefit ratio of the altruistic act.
NatureEvolution of cooperation without reciprocity
770 Citations2001Rick Riolo, Michael D. Cohen +1 more
Computer simulations are used to show that cooperation can arise when agents donate to others who are sufficiently similar to themselves in some arbitrary characteristic, or ‘tag’, which can be a marking, display, or other observable trait.
NatureSelfish genes: a green beard in the red fire ant
435 Citations1998Laurent Keller, Kenneth G. Ross
It is shown that BB queens initiating reproduction are killed by workers, and that it is primarily Bb rather than BB workers that are responsible for these executions.