Motivational Properties of Conditioned Anxiety11Supported in part by Grant No. G969/425/C from the UK Medical Research Council to L. Weiskrantz.
Elsevier eBooksPublished 1 January 1972
J. R. Millenson, Peter A. de Villiers
Citations42
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Abstract
One effect of pairing a stimulus with an aversive electric shock is to impart to that stimulus the subsequent power to suppress ongoing positively reinforced instrumental behavior. Partly because of its defining operations and partly because of a certain theoretical view of its character, Hunt and Brady (1951) revived Watson and Raynor's (1920) term to name this effect the conditioned emotional response (CER). Systematic programs of research have documented the relevance of the type of schedule maintaining the instrumental baseline, established selective effects of pharmacological and neurophysiological variables, and verified the intimate relation of conditioned suppression to classical conditioning. Despite this vigorous experimental treatment, a satisfactory theoretical account of the CER phenomenon has never emerged. The chapter reviews the principal explanatory mechanisms that have evolved in the three decades of research on conditioned suppression.
Keywords
PsychologyMedicine
Journal of Experimental PsychologyConditioned emotional reactions.
1,924 Citations1920John B. Watson, Rosalie Rayner
ScienceProgressive Ratio as a Measure of Reward Strength
1,149 Citations1961William Hodos
Four rats were trained to press a lever on a ratio schedule of reinforcement in which the number of lever presses required on each consecutive run increased by a fixed increment.
Journal of Comparative and Physiological PsychologyProbability of shock in the presence and absence of cs in fear conditioning.
1,068 Citations1968Robert A. Rescorla
2 experiments indicate that CS-US contingency is an important determinant of fear conditioning and that presentation of US in the absence of CS interferes with fear conditioning.
Principles of behavioral analysis
363 Citations1967John R. Millenson
A scientific approach to behaviour operant conditioning extinction and reconditioning intermittent reinforcement classical conditioning biological factors in conditioning environmental control aversive contingencies complex behaviour: concept acquisition problem solving, modelling, and verbal behaviour behaviourial analysis: status and prospects.
Journal of the Experimental Analysis of BehaviorCONCURRENT PERFORMANCES: A BASELINE FOR THE STUDY OF REINFORCEMENT MAGNITUDE<sup>1</sup>
302 Citations1963A. Charles Catania
When a pigeon's pecking on a single key was reinforced by a variable-interval (VI) schedule of reinforcement, the rate of pecking was insensitive to changes in the duration of reinforcement from 3 to 6 sec.
Journal of the Experimental Analysis of BehaviorEFFECTS OF REINFORCEMENT MAGNITUDE ON CHOICE AND RATE OF RESPONDING<sup>1</sup>
162 Citations1967Allen Neuringer
The present work attempted to analyze this disparity by comparing, in a single experimental situation, a pigeon's choices with its response rates, and found that choices varied directly with reinforcement duration, rates of responding were comparatively insensitive to duration changes.
Journal of the Experimental Analysis of BehaviorSOME EFFECTS OF TWO TEMPORAL VARIABLES ON CONDITIONED SUPPRESSION
124 Citations1958Larry Stein, Murray Sidman +1 more
In this demonstration of what the authors referred to as "anxiety" effects, a warning stimulus of fixed duration followed by a brief unavoidable shock to the feet was superimposed upon ongoing lever-pressing behavior maintained by a fixed-interval reinforcement schedule.
The Psychological RecordConditioned Suppression: Operant Variables and Aversive Control
84 Citations1968David O. Lyon
Journal of the Experimental Analysis of BehaviorEFFECTS OF REQUIRED RATES OF RESPONDING UPON CHOICE<sup>1</sup>
83 Citations1968Edmund Fantino
Pigeons' responses in the presence of two concurrently available stimuli produced one of two different stimuli according to identical but independent variable-interval schedules, and each pigeon consistently preferred the stimulus not associated with a response-rate requirement.
Journal of the Experimental Analysis of BehaviorRANDOM INTERVAL SCHEDULES OF REINFORCEMENT<sup>1</sup>
77 Citations1963J. R. Millenson
A method for generating a reinforcement schedule that closely approximates idealized VI schedules in which reinforcement assignments occur randomly in time (RI schedules) is described and response rates of pigeons exposed for 20 sessions appeared very similar to response rates characteristic of arithmetic series VIs.
Canadian Journal of Psychology/Revue Canadienne de PsychologieQuantification of response suppression in conditioned anxiety training.
65 Citations1967J. R. Millenson, Derek P. Hendry
Quantification of response suppression in conditioned anxiety training with fixed duration preaversive stimulus /CS/ shows good consistency in the response suppression of conditioned anxiety with respect to the duration of the stimulus.
Journal of the Experimental Analysis of BehaviorTHE EFFECTS OF UNAVOIDABLE SHOCKS ON A MULTIPLE SCHEDULE HAVING AN AVOIDANCE COMPONENT<sup>1</sup>
56 Citations1963Marcus B. Waller, P F Waller
Responding during the pre-shock stimulus could be conditioned and maintained after an extensive history of avoidance extinction and rate of responding was observed to be relatively independent of changes in the maintaining schedules.
Journal of the Experimental Analysis of BehaviorFREQUENCY OF REINFORCEMENT AS A PARAMETER OF CONDITIONED SUPPRESSION
50 Citations1963David O. Lyon
Two pigeons were trained on a multiple VI-1; VI-4 min schedule for food reinforcement until a stable differential rate of response was established and an Estes-Skinner conditioned suppression procedure was superimposed on each component of the schedule.
Journal of the Experimental Analysis of BehaviorCONDITIONED SUPPRESSION OR FACILITATION AS A FUNCTION OF THE BEHAVIORAL BASELINE<sup>1</sup>
50 Citations1968Derek Blackman
Responding during the DRL component increased in frequency during a tone which ended with an unavoidable shock of low intensity, but decreased during the tone when the shock intensity was raised, and the ;interval' and ;ratio-like' responding decreased in frequencyDuring the tone at all shock intensities.
Journal of the Experimental Analysis of BehaviorSTIMULUS ASPECTS OF AVERSIVE CONTROLS: THE EFFECTS OF RESPONSE CONTINGENT SHOCK<sup>1</sup>
44 Citations1965Howard S. Hoffman, Morton Fleshler
In general, birds exposed to unavoidable shock tended to respond at intermediate rates throughout tone, whereas those exposed to response contingent shock ceased to peck for part or all of the tone period.
Elsevier eBooksAutonomic Aversive Conditioning in Infrahuman Subjects11Although a great deal of research on autonomic conditioning has been carried out in Russia, this literature has not been covered because certain methodological problems make it difficult to employ it in dealing with the particular problems considered in this chapter.
43 Citations1971A. H. Black
Quarterly Journal of Experimental PsychologyHabituation of Conditioned Suppression
23 Citations1971J. R. Millenson, Jill G. Dent
Habituation of a conditioned emotional response was investigated using a procedure which eliminated contaminating temporal discriminations and analysis of responding within the CS period showed uniform suppression.
Journal of the Experimental Analysis of BehaviorCONCURRENT PERFORMANCES: A BASELINE FOR THE STUDY OF CONDITIONED ANXIETY<sup>1</sup>
17 Citations1972Peter A. de Villiers, J. R. Millenson
A marked shift in relative response rate towards the preferred lever was found in all three rats; that is, responding on the preferred Lever was far less suppressed during the pre-shock stimulus than responded on the less-preferred lever.
Psychonomic ScienceInteraction of reward magnitude and conditioned fear on the consummatory response
16 Citations1966John R. Vogel, Norman E. Spear
Journal of the Experimental Analysis of BehaviorTOWARDS AN EMPIRICAL CALCULUS OF REINFORCEMENT VALUE
15 Citations1963Thom Verhave
A quantitative index of preference is obtained: each time the animal switches to the shorter schedule, the number of pecks required to produce the next switch is increased and the effective difference between the two ratio schedules decreases.
Physiology & BehaviorConditioned Emotional Responding (CER) mediated by interference
15 Citations1969Arthur R. Zeiner, Marc A. Nathan +1 more
The results clearly demonstrate that possible adventitious punishment of a lever pressing response in addition to effects of interference of the CER procedure has no discernible quantitative effect on the suppression obtained.
Psychological ReportsResponse Rate and Conditioned Suppression
14 Citations1966Derek Blackman
Two experiments are reported in which a yoked-box design permitted variation of response rate while reinforcement frequency was controlled, and rats responding at high rates showed more conditioned suppression than their partners responding at lower rates.
Quarterly Journal of Experimental PsychologyEffects of Response Pacing on Conditioned Suppression
13 Citations1967Derek Blackman
Responsibility rate in one factor determining the degree of conditioned suppression in this controlled experiment is corroborated by absolute measures of responding during the pre-shock periods of noise.
Psychonomic ScienceConditioned suppression and self-stimulation
11 Citations1966Roger W. McIntire
The author concludes that the absence of interrupting behaviors associated with food-rewarded behavior, such as travel to a food cup and consummatory behaviors, leads to the demonstrated resistance to conditioned suppression in ICS-supported behavior.
Physiology & BehaviorThe role of punishment in the development of conditioned suppression
8 Citations1967Peter Gottwald
Rank order correlations between delays of shock in one stimulus period and shift of response rate during the next stimulus period revealed that punishment of lever pressing may contribute to the acquisition and maintenance of conditioned suppression in some animals.
Psychonomic ScienceConditioned suppression on a fixed interval schedule of reinforcement
7 Citations1969David O. Lyon, Richard D. Millar
British Journal of PsychologyCONDITIONED EMOTIONAL RESPONSE PHENOMENA AND BRAIN STIMULATION
3 Citations1971John Haworth
The CER technique using brain stimulation reinforcement should prove useful for the study of the interaction between motivation and conditioned emotional responses and comparisons between different brain loci for CER phenomena should be based on parametric studies of schedule of reinforcement and current intensity, etc.
Psychonomic ScienceMotivational properties of the CS in conditioned suppression
2 Citations1966Russell C. Leaf
The duration of complete suppression of consummatory drinking by a single presentation of a previously conditioned fear-eliciting CS was greater when the CS was present throughout the suppression interval than when theCS was presented for the duration used on each conditioning trial.