Midbrain Ataxia: An Introduction to the Mesencephalic Locomotor Region and the Pedunculopontine Nucleus
American Journal of RoentgenologyPublished 1 March 2005
Gasser M. Hathout, Roongroj Bhidayasiri
Citations57
SJR quartileQ1
SJR score1.47
SNIP1.71
Generate an AI Snapshot to get a quick, structured summary of this paper.
Study Snapshot
ObjectiveStudy objective
MethodsResearch methodology
PopulationPopulation studied
Sample sizeSample sizes
OutcomesStudy outcomes here
ResultsStudy results comes here
LimitationsResearch study limitations comes here
A concise AI-generated summary of the paper will appear here once you click Generate AI Snapshot.
TL;DR
It is hypothesized that involvement of the pedunculopontine nucleus, a major component of the mesencephalic locomotor region, may be at least partially responsible for producing midbrain ataxia.
Abstract
We suggest that these lesions involve a well-studied but generally unfamiliar area of the dorsal midbrain known as the mesencephalic locomotor region. More specifically, we hypothesize that involvement of the pedunculopontine nucleus, a major component of the mesencephalic locomotor region, may be at least partially responsible for producing midbrain ataxia.
Keywords
Medicine
BrainThe pedunculopontine nucleus and Parkinson's disease
813 Citations2000Peter A. Pahapill
The anatomical connections and physiological attributes of the pedunculopontine nucleus are highlighted to discuss how the function of these connections may be altered in the parkinsonian state and to speculate how present and potential future therapy directed to the PPN might improve akinesia and gait difficulties in parkinsonia patients.
NeurologyHuman walking and higher‐level gait disorders, particularly in the elderly
666 Citations1993John G. Nutt, C.D. Marsden +1 more
A nosologic classification of gait disorders is suggested that may be of value to clinicians and will consider the requirements for walking, their neuroanatomic and neurophysiologic bases, and the voluminous, but confusing, clinical literature and how it relates to their classification.
Annals of NeurologyThe pedunculopontine nucleus in Parkinson's disease
388 Citations1989Richard M. Zweig, William R. Jankel +3 more
The number of pedunculopontine nucleus pars compacta neurons in the patients with Parkinson's or Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease was reduced and correlated significantly with the extent of loss of substantia nigra pars Compacta neurons.
Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & PsychiatryThe pedunculopontine nucleus in Parkinson's disease, progressive supranuclear palsy and Alzheimer's disease.
365 Citations1988K. A. Jellinger
The selective affection of this putative cholinergic nucleus in PSP and Parkinson's disease appears to be related to motor dysfunctions in these disorders.
The Journal of Comparative NeurologyHuman reticular formation: Cholinergic neurons of the pedunculopontine and laterodorsal tegmental nuclei and some cytochemical comparisons to forebrain cholinergic neurons
305 Citations1989M.‐Marsel Mesulam, Changiz Geula +2 more
The lack of confinement within specifiable cytoarchitectonic boundaries and the transmitter heterogeneity justified the transmitter‐specific Ch5 and Ch6 nomenclature for these two groups of cholinergic neurons.
BrainLOCOMOTOR CONTROL IN MACAQUE MONKEYS
292 Citations1981E. Eidelberg, J.G. Walden +1 more
There are significant homologies between this primate species and the cat regarding the probable existence of supraspinal locomotor control structures, but it seems that the presumed spinal step generators in monkeys depend more on suPRaspinal inputs than they do in cats.
Progress in NeurobiologyThe pedunculopontine nucleus—Auditory input, arousal and pathophysiology
235 Citations1995N.B. Reese, Edgar García‐Rill +1 more
The role of the pedunculopontine nucleus, part of the cholinergic arm of the reticular activating system, in various functions, including sleep-wake mechanisms, arousal, locomotion and in several pathological conditions is described.
The Journal of Comparative NeurologySpinal projections from the midbrain in monkey
233 Citations1978A. J. Castiglioi, M. C. Gallaway +1 more
Findings indicate that the primate midbrain is the origin of an extensive system of descending spinal pathways, some of which are likely to be involved in mediating descending influences involved in complex motor and sensory behavior.
Brain Research BulletinLocomotion-inducing sites in the vicinity of the pedunculopontine nucleus
224 Citations1987Edgar García‐Rill, Carolyn R. Houser +3 more
Three dimensional reconstructions of the PPN were used to visualize the colocalization of low threshold locomotion-inducing stimulation sites within PPN neuronal aggregates, lending further support to the suggestion that the PN is part of the MLR.
Brain ResearchThe mesencephalic locomotor region. II. Projections to reticulospinal neurons
188 Citations1987Edgar García‐Rill, R.D. Skinner
It is suggested that this area of the medioventral medulla known to receive descending mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR) input is a primary relay in the manifestation of MLR function.
Brain ResearchAutoradiographic demonstration of the projections from the mesencephalic locomotor region
140 Citations1984John D. Steeves, Larry M. Jordan
The results, when compared to those of another study, suggest that the classical MLR is anatomically distinct from the more medial sites in the mesencephalon which can also induce locomotion.
Annals of NeurologyAstasia and gait failure with damage of the pontomesencephalic locomotor region
133 Citations1994Joseph C. Masdeu, Uma Alampur +2 more
An 83‐year‐old woman became unable to stand and to generate stepping movements after a hemorrhage at the pontomesencephalic junction involving the right pedunculopontine area, which resembled the gait failure present in some elderly individuals.
The Journal of Comparative NeurologyEfferent connections of the internal globus pallidus in the squirrel monkey: II. topography and synaptic organization of pallidal efferents to the pedunculopontine nucleus
129 Citations1997Éric Shink, Mamadou Sidib� +1 more
The first objective of the present study was to verify whether projections from regions of the internal pallidum (GPi) that receive inputs from different functional areas of the striatum remain segregated at the level of the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) in squirrel monkeys.
Journal of NeurophysiologyStimulation of a Restricted Region in the Midline Cerebellar White Matter Evokes Coordinated Quadrupedal Locomotion in the Decerebrate Cat
129 Citations1999Shigemi Mori, Toshihiro Matsui +4 more
It is demonstrated that selective stimulation of the hook bundle of Russel in the midsagittal plane of the cerebellar white matter evokes "controlled" locomotion identical to that evoked by stimulating the mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR).
NeurosurgeryVentriculoperitoneal Shunting of Idiopathic Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus Increases Midbrain Size: A Potential Mechanism for Gait Improvement
51 Citations2006J Mocco, Matthew I. Tomey +5 more
Supportive evidence is provided that midbrain cytoarchitecture may play a role in the pathophysiology and post-ventriculoperitoneal shunt gait improvement of INPH patients.
Brain ResearchPodokinetic after-rotation in Parkinson disease
22 Citations2006Minna Hong, Joel S. Perlmutter +1 more
It is concluded that PD subjects can adapt to the rotating platform and develop PKAR from interval training, and future studies are needed to determine whether the rotatingplatform may act as a rehabilitative tool to reinforce motor patterns for turning and alleviate turning difficulties in people with PD.
American Journal of RoentgenologyFDG PET and SPECT of Bone Metastases in Breast Cancer
8 Citations2005Hadyn T. Williams, Shanon Smith
Movement DisordersSubtraction brain SPECT imaging in a patient with gait ignition failure
4 Citations2003Phil Hyu Lee, Jin Soo Lee +3 more
Investigating the cerebral perfusion patterns using subtraction brain single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) in a patient with GIF revealed an increased activity in the region of right ventrolateral midbrain and ventral medulla.