The Effects of Differential Evaluations on Status Generalization

Abstract

This research examines the nature of the evaluation process that underlies status generalization. Expectation-states theory presents a formal theoretical explanation of how and why status characteristics initiate inequalities in power and prestige. A central concept in this formulation is the differentially-evaluated characteristic, which allows for generalization to specific performance expectations. The assumption that status generalization rests on such a systematic evaluative process, rather than on some capricious or arbitrary operation, has not been demonstrated. Experimental tests of the organizing effects of differentiated and undifferentiated or nonevaluated characteristics confirm the prediction that the existence of a differential evaluation is a necessary condition for the formation of status-based inequalities in power and prestige. The related yet qualitatively different problem of the effects of total ambiguity on actors' attributions is also examined. Experimental results suggest that this situation is not equivalent to that of either undifferentiated or equating characteristics. Discussion of the relevance of these outcomes for the explanation of status generalization directs attention toward the nature and genesis of the stereotypical beliefs peculiar to different status characteristics.