Congenital Hypothyroidism: Intellectual and Neuropsychological Functioning
PsychoneuroendocrinologyPublished 1 January 1990
Joanne Rovet
Citations18
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SJR score1.45
SNIP1.16
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TL;DR
An overview of the disease and its manifestations as well as a comparison of outcome in children with CH diagnosed clinically with those now being found via newborn screening are presented.
Abstract
Screening newborns for congenital hypothyroidism (CH) has been effective in preventing the mental retardation that typically occurred when diagnosis was based on clinical symptomatology. This chapter provides an overview of the disease and its manifestations as well as a comparison of outcome in children with CH diagnosed clinically with those now being found via newborn screening. A detailed description of the author's own longitudinal study of screened CH children is also presented with special emphasis on the factors predicting better outcome.
Keywords
MedicineBiochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
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545 Citations1972INDER J. CHOPRA
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New England Journal of MedicineThyroid Development and Disorders of Thyroid Function in the Newborn
532 Citations1981Delbert A. Fisher, Alan H. Klein
A large number of the newborns diagnosed with congenital hypothyroidism have had their thyroid glands removed, leading to concerns of a down-regulation of the immune system and an increased risk of serious complications.
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386 Citations1982Esther H. Wender
This book is written primarily for the professionals who treat hyperactive children and outlines psychological treatment methods that focus on child compliance and responsiveness to adult commands and are aimed at altering parental actions towards children.
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365 Citations1985Gabriella Morreale de Escobar, Rosa María Ayela Pastor +2 more
Results show that maternal hypothyroidism is accompanied by thyroid hormone deficiency of the conceptus before the fetal thyroid functions, and alterations of T4 and T3 concentrations persist until term, and development is also delayed.
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361 Citations1975Jean H. Dussault, Pierre A. Coulombe +4 more
The frequency of congenital hypothyroidism is about one in 7,000 births and the immunoassay is effective in detecting thyroid hormone abnormalities with an acceptable percentage of false positive measurements; no false negative results have occurred.
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326 Citations1972Alan H. Klein, Stephanie Meltzer +1 more
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277 Citations1984Juan Bernal, Fredrika Pekonen
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ScienceSynaptogenesis in the Rat Cerebellum: Effects of Early Hypo- and Hyperthyroidism
197 Citations1972Jean L. Nicholson, Joseph Altman
The number of synapses in the molecular layer of the rat cerebellum is reduced by early hypo-and hyperthyroidism within 30 days, and the sensitivity of developing synapses to thyroid hormone may permit analysis of the events triggering synaptogenesis.
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195 Citations1987Joanne Rovet, Rodney Ehrlich +1 more
Although most children with athyrosis were found in the delayed group, the groups did not differ in birth weight, hormone levels, or family background, and there were no differences in behavior or temperamental characteristics.
EndocrinologyThe Early Ontogenesis of Thyroid Hormone Receptor in the Rat Fetus*
178 Citations1985Ana Pérez‐Castillo, Juan Bernal +2 more
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Archives of Disease in ChildhoodCretinism: Early diagnosis its relation to mental prognosis
143 Citations1971Salvatore Raiti, G. H. Newns
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135 Citations1957David W. Smith, Robert M. Blizzard +1 more
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122 Citations1978R MacFaul, Sanja Dorner +2 more
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Hormones in Development
118 Citations1974B. M. Freeman, Margaret A. Vince
The use of specific inhibitors overcomes to a large degree problems and, as the authors shall see below, the results of experiments using these substances can produce more satisfactory results than those using the purified hormones.
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116 Citations1984
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Thyroid Hormones and the Developing Brain
108 Citations1986Gabriella Morreale de Escobar
There are three main situations in which an association has been noted between anomalies of thyroid function and mental retardation: (A) Severe endemic goiter associated since the XVIth century with the birth of deaf-mute and imbecile inhabitants, known as cretins, and (B) Maternal hypothyroxinemia, with or without clinical hypothyroidism, associated with decreased mean I.Q. of the progeny.
The Journal of PediatricsFollow-up at ages 5 and 7 years on mental development in children with hypothyroidism detected by Quebec Screening Program
103 Citations1985Jacqueline Glorieux, Jean H. Dussault +4 more
Les resultats sont tres encourageants et justifient l'application universelle du depistage pour eradiquer cette cause d'arrieration mentale.
PEDIATRICSScreening for Congenital Hypothyroidism With Specimen Collection at Two Time Periods: Results of the Northwest Regional Screening Program
103 Citations1985Stephen LaFranchi, Cheryl E. Hanna +4 more
These infants appear to have milder hypothyroidism due to a later age of onset or slower evolution of thyroid failure, and the NWRSP found it cost-effective to obtain a routine second specimen.
Pediatric ResearchUseful Parameters To Predict the Eventual Mental Outcome of Hypothyroid Children
98 Citations1988Jacqueline Glorieux, Manon Desjardins +3 more
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98 Citations1983Jacqueline Glorieux, Jean H. Dussault +3 more
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Acta PaediatricaNEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL STUDY IN TREATED THYROID DYSGENESIS
97 Citations1979R Wolter, Philippe Noël +9 more
60 patients aged 3-14 yrs, with hypothyroidism (HY) and athyreosis or ectopic thyroid gland, were examined for neuropsychological defects and psychoneurological defects were related to early HY according to the following schedule.
Acta PaediatricaPsychological Reactions in 102 Families with a Newborn Who Has a Falsely Positive Screening Test for Congenital Hypothyroidism
97 Citations1983Göran Bodegård, KARIN FYRÖ +1 more
A false positive test appear to trigger in the majority a development of a psychic crisis, which may impair the parent–child relation and, thus, the child's development.
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96 Citations1984P.E. Jennings, B P O'Malley +3 more
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PEDIATRICSNeonatal Hypothyroidism Detected by the Northwest Regional Screening Program
92 Citations1979Stephen LaFranchi, William H. Murphey +3 more
The Northwest Regional Screening Program to detect congenital hypothyroidism in infants born in Oregon, Montana, Alaska, and Idaho (combined birthrate of 69,000/ yr) was added to the ongoing screening program in 1975 and the goal of diagnosing congenital Hypothyroidistan and treating affected infants by 1 month of age seems realistic.
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Clinicians are suggested to be aware of the possibility that a child in this age group with low academic work output may have underlying developmental dysfunctions, whose manifestations may not have been evident earlier in life.
Research in Congenital Hypothyroidism
89 Citations1989François Delange, Delbert A. Fisher +1 more
This work focuses on the treatment strategy and long term follow-up of patients with congenital hypothyroidism diagnosed by screening for high thyroxine at birth and the problems in the management of Patients with infantile hypothyroxine.
Acta PaediatricaFour‐Year Follow‐up of Psychological Reactions to False Positive Screening Tests for Congenital Hypothyroidism
87 Citations1987KARIN FYRÖ, Göran Bodegård
Sixteen of the 32 families investigated four years after a false alarm in the neonatal screening of their newborns showed signs of persistent anxiety 6–12 months after the screening, which may be related to the initial psychological trauma of the false positive screening result.
Neuropathology and Applied NeurobiologyRETARDED FETAL BRAIN DEVELOPMENT RESULTING FROM SEVERE DIETARY IODINE DEFICIENCY IN SHEEP
85 Citations1982Brian J. Potter, M. T. Mano +7 more
Potter B.J., Mano M.T., Belling G.B., Mcintosh G.G., Marshall J., Wellby M.L. & Hetzel B.S.
Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent MedicineThyroid Scanning, Ultrasound, and Serum Thyroglobulin in Determining the Origin of Congenital Hypothyroidism
83 Citations1988Andrew J. Muir
Thyroid scanning remains the most accurate diagnostic modality to determine the cause of CH and serum thyroglobulin and cervical US have not been established as reliable alternatives.
European Journal of BiochemistryThyroid Hormones and Neurotubule Assembly in vitro during Brain Development
83 Citations1979Arlette Fellous, Ana Maria Lennon +2 more
The model which may be constructed implies that thyroid hormones are required briefly after birth to accelerate the rate of microtubule assembly thus allowing intensive neurite growth during the critical period of brain development.
American Journal of Obstetrics and GynecologyThyroid function in human pregnancy
81 Citations1964Evelyn B. Man, William A. Reid +1 more
American Journal of Obstetrics and GynecologyThyroid function in human pregnancy
80 Citations1976Evelyn B. Man, Sally Ann Serunian
In six sibling sets outcome was better when hypothyroxinemic women were treated with adequate thyroid replacement therapy, and if a woman has a poor reproductive history, early in a subsequent gestation, thyroid status should be examined and adequate thyroid medication considered seriously.
Archives of Disease in ChildhoodIntellectual performance in children after circulatory arrest with profound hypothermia in infancy.
77 Citations1979D F Dickinson, J E Sambrooks
The results suggest that the technique gives effective protection to the brain during periods of circulatory arrest for up to 60 minutes.
Archives of Disease in ChildhoodOutcome for congenital hypothyroidism.
75 Citations1984J A Hulse
Diagnostic delay was associated with a steady decline in mean IQ but there was an improvement in some late diagnosed cases and a strong association was found between IQ and parental social class.
The Journal of PediatricsTransient hypothyroidism in the newborn infant
73 Citations1978François Delange, J Dodion +5 more
Six infants in whom thyroid insufficiency was detected in the early days of life and disappeared spontaneously after a few weeks are discussed.
Archives of Disease in ChildhoodCongenital Hypothyroidism: Aetiological and Clinical Aspects
70 Citations1972Jukka Mäenpää
The prognosis was best in the children with a persisting ectopic thyroid gland and poorest in those with defective organic binding of iodide, and the importance of early diagnosis of hypothyroidism is again emphasized.
Archives of Disease in ChildhoodSensorineural hearing loss in sporadic congenital hypothyroidism.
70 Citations1983M Vanderschueren‐Lodeweyckx, F.M.J. Debruyne +3 more
Sensorineural hearing loss is common in children with congenital hypothyroidism and should be searched for carefully and systematically to avoid difficulties related to speech and language development.
BMJPopulation screening for congenital hypothyroidism.
66 Citations1980J A Hulse, David Grant +6 more
The results suggest that the prognosis for most of these babies is likely to be improved by early diagnosis, and the introduction of national screening should be delayed no longer.
PEDIATRICSMitigation of Cretinism by Breast-Feeding
66 Citations1978Hans H. Bode, W. J. Vanjonack +1 more
EndocrinologyMetabolic and Maturational Effects of Thyroxine on the Infant Rat
63 Citations1966Shawn Schapiro, Rosalind S. Goodblatt +1 more
Thyroidectomy or thyroxine administration did not influence metabolic rate or body temperature during the first 2 weeks of life, when the rat is essentially poikilothermic.
Archives of Disease in ChildhoodCongenital hypothyroidism: increased incidence in Asian families.
62 Citations1988M. Sara Rosenthal, G. M. Addison +1 more
There was a significantly higher incidence of additional congenital abnormalities and a significantly increased mortality in infants with congenital hypothyroidism compared with unaffected infants in the North West health region of England.
The Journal of PediatricsEffect of thyroid hormone level on temperament in infants with congenital hypothyroidism detected by screening of neonates
58 Citations1989Joanne F. Rovet, Robert Ehrlich +1 more
The results suggest that behavioral features should be considered, as well as circulating hormone levels, in determining the proper dose of thyroid hormone replacement in infants with congenital hypothyroidism.
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58 Citations1981David Price, Richard M. Ehrlich +1 more
The feasibility of cord blood screening to detect the various causes of neonatal hypothyroidism is confirmed and Radioactive 131-I thyroid uptake studies are no longer routinely recommended because of the radiation hazard and the lack of specificity in differentiating between the various anatomical types.
The American Journal of MedicineReversible alteration of the visual evoked potential in hypothyroidism
56 Citations1984Paul W. Ladenson, John W. Stakes +1 more
The pattern-shift evoked potential was measured in 19 hypothyroid patients before treatment, and after short- (one week) and long-term thyroid hormone replacement therapy, and it is concluded that the visual evokes potential is reversibly altered in Hypothyroidism.
The Journal of PediatricsReassessment of the daily dose of oral thyroxine for replacement therapy in hypothyroid children
55 Citations1977Iraj Rezvani, Angelo M. DiGeorge
All patients appeared clinically euthyroid, and their serum concentrations of T3 and T4 as well as their height velocities remained within the normal range while the "optimal" dose of L-T4 was being adminstered.
The Journal of PediatricsRacial differences in the incidence of congenitalhypothyroidism
54 Citations1981Ann L. Brown, Paul M. Fernhoff +3 more
The small patches of light hair above the temples bilaterally with a general upsweep of the frontal hair in the authors' patients, as well as the shape of the nose and the upper lip, are almost exactly like the pictures presented by them, indicating a milder form of the syndrome complex.
PEDIATRICSNewborn Screening for Congenital Hypothyroidism: Recommended Guidelines
53 Citations1987American Academy of Pediatrics, American Thyroid Association
Archives of Disease in ChildhoodMental development in congenital hypothyroidism after neonatal screening.
52 Citations1987R Illig, R. H. Largo +4 more
A collaborative study on mental development in children with congenital hypothyroidism diagnosed by neonatal thyroid screening and the latest progress report on how screening programmes are being developed in Europe are given.
BMJGrowth, development, and reassessment of hypothyroid infants diagnosed by screening.
50 Citations1982J A Hulse, David Grant +2 more
Thyroid stimulating hormone concentrations were raised in one-third of cases before the withdrawal of treatment and this was associated with generally lower concentrations of serum thyroxine (T4) and smaller doses of L-thyroxine than in those cases with normal concentrations of thyroid stimulating hormone.
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47 Citations1983Jean H. Dussault, Jean Morissette
Primary T4 screening has similar sensitivity compared to TSH kits for mass screening programs for congenital hypothyroidism, and the T4 assay had greater precision and reproducibility than either of the 2 commercially available T SH kits.
Pediatric ResearchThyroid Hormones in Human Milk and their Influence on Thyroid Function of Breast-Fed Babies
44 Citations1983H Mizuta, Nobuyuki Amino +5 more
The results indicate that T3 excretion in milk cannot be explained by simple diffusion from the blood into the mother's milk and that breast feeding has no influence on the pituitary thyroid axis of normal babies.
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44 Citations1979Paul G. Walfish, Jody Ginsberg +2 more
The incidence of abnormalities detected in this Cord blood screening programme was comparable with that reported by others using neonatal dried blood screening methods, indicating that cord blood screening can be effective provided the appropriate recall criteria and transport conditions are used.
The Journal of PediatricsEvaluation of sodium l-thyroxine (T4) requirement in replacement therapy of hypothyroidism
40 Citations1977Val Abbassi, Carolyn Aldigé
Sodium-L-thyroxine (T4) was utilized in the treatment of 15 pediatric patients with hypothyroidism, and observations imply that physiologic requirements of thyroxine are distinctly lower than previously recommended dosages.
Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and NutritionReview
39 Citations1987Hormones in Milk, O. Koldovský +1 more
Journal of the Neurological SciencesMyelination of brain in experimental hypothyroidism
38 Citations1975Michael J. Malone, N. Paul Rosman +2 more
The appearance of myelin basic protein was markedly delayed in the hormone-deficient animals and this effect on the basic protein moiety may be responsible for the delayed myelinogenesis.
JAMAScreening for congenital hypothyroidism. Results in the newborn population of New England
36 Citations1978M. L. Mitchell
JAMACongenital Hypothyroidism Control Programs
36 Citations1979Peter M. Layde
Comprehensive screening programs to control congenital hypothyroidism (CH), a preventable form of mental retardation, are being considered by some public health agencies and would test neonates' blood for thyroxine and, if warranted, provide follow-up testing and therapy.
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35 Citations1986Glynis H. Murphy, J A Hulse +5 more
Almost all the children's scores were in the normal range, and comparisons with matched controls suggested that they were doing only slightly less well than normal children in overall development, but they were significantly slower on a motor skills task.
Acta PaediatricaCONGENITAL HYPOTHYROIDISM IN SWEDEN <i>Psychomotor Development in Patients Detected by Clinical Signs and Symptoms</i>
35 Citations1981Jessica J. Alm, Agne Larsson +1 more
The results suggest that the risk of future intellectual handicaps may be reduced by early treatment in children with hypothyroidism presenting during the neonatal period.
Archives of Disease in ChildhoodScreening for congenital hypothyroidism: the first decade.
33 Citations1985N D Barnes
It is argued that no type of human transformation is more distressing to look at than an aggravated case of cretinism.
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32 Citations1973E. Williams Pelton, Norman H. Bass
The failure of hormonal replacement therapy in the "cretin rat" may be ascribed, not merely to the delayed onset of treatment, but to a direct toxic effect of the hormone on the developing brain when delivered in amounts exceeding physiologic requirements.
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31 Citations1986L Moschini, Pietro Costa +8 more
Clinical and laboratory data from 42 children with primary congenital hypothyroidism diagnosed by neonatal screening over a six-year period are reported, showing an impairment of posture, coordination and subtle deficits in motor and perceptual abilities in a small percentage of children.
Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent MedicineThyroid Function Tests in Neonates Fed Human Milk
31 Citations1983Henry B. Hahn
Serum concentrations of thyroxine, triiodothyronine, and T 3 were significantly greater in breast- fed babies than in formula-fed babies.
European Journal of EndocrinologySixty children with congenital hypothyroidism detected by neonatal thyroid: Mental development at 1,4, and 7 years: a longitudinal study
30 Citations1986R Illig, R. H. Largo +6 more
There are no significant DQ/IQ differences neither between athyroidism and ectopic thyroid glands, nor between prenatal bone age and normal skeletal maturation at diagnosis, and it is assumed that the favourable results in children with C.H. may be ascribed to the early onset of thyroid hormone replacement and the strictly controlled compliance.
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30 Citations1939Andrew W. Brown
There is evidence that early recognition of the affliction and persistent treatment thereafter are the important factors in ultimate mental development.
Pediatric ResearchAuditory Brainstem Response Audiometry in Congenitally Hypothyroid Children Under Early Replacement Therapy
29 Citations1986Réal Hébert, E Laureau +7 more
Preliminary results suggest a significant incidence of auditory brainstem response abnormalities in treated hypothyroid children.
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29 Citations1983M Virtanen, Jukka Mäenpää +3 more
The findings suggest that the progressive loss of intelligence potential starts from birth but if treatment is begun before the age of 1 month, then intelligence remains within normal range.
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27 Citations1986Kunihiro Yoshida, T Sakurada +4 more
It is suggested that TSH in human amniotic fluid reflects fetal rather than maternal thyroid function and that the determination of TSH levels in amniotics fluid is useful in the diagnosis of abnormal thyroid function in fetuses.
Maturation of Thyroid Hormone Actions
27 Citations1989Delbert A. Fisher, Daniel H. Polk
There is now a large literature to support the view that thyroid hormones have little role in fetal growth and development, and Athyroid human newborns have few if any signs of their chemical hypothyroidism.
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26 Citations1980Jacques Letarte, H. Guyda +2 more
It is concluded that breast-feeding does not protect against the deleterious effects of congenital hypothyroidism.
Endocrinologia JaponicaPresence of triiodothyronine, no detectable thyroxine and reverse triiodothyronine in human milk.
26 Citations1979Tamotsu Sato, Yukichi Suzuki
The results indicate that permeability of thyroid hormones through the mammary gland is different between T4 and T3 as well as in placental transport, and human milk can not be a source of thyroxine supply for the breast-fed infant.
Acta PaediatricaBREAST MILK THYROXINE AND NOT COW'S MILK MAY MITIGATE AND DELAY THE CLINICAL PICTURE OF NEONATAL HYPOTHYROIDISM
24 Citations1979Joseph Sack, Henriette Frucht +3 more
It is suggested that milk of human but not bovine origin may provide a significant exogenous source of T4 to the premature infant and this amount of exogenous T4 which is insufficient in preventing the proceeding of neonatal hypothyroidism, may delay the clinical recognition of this disorder.
PEDIATRICSPitfalls in Screening for Neonatal Hypothyroidism
24 Citations1982Report of the New England Regional Screening Program, New England Congenital Hypothyroidism Collaborative
The potential vulnerability of all screening programs is emphasized and the need for physicians to continue to exercise their best clinical judgement regardless of the circumstances is underscored.
Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent MedicineEFFECT OF THYROID THERAPY ON THE MENTAL AND PHYSICAL GROWTH OF CRETINOUS INFANTS
24 Citations1936Arnold Gesell
The nature of the effects of thyroxine, the relationships between psychologic and physical factors and the diagnostic significance of the behavior changes produced by thyroid therapy are described.
Dépôt institutionnel de l'Université libre de Bruxelles (Université Libre de Bruxelles)Transient primary hypothyroidism in the newborn
23 Citations1983François Delange, Pierre Bourdoux +5 more
European Journal of PediatricsPsychomotor development in congenital hypothyroidism
21 Citations1988Filadelfia Komianou, G. Makaronis +5 more
The findings show that the prognosis for psychomotor development of children with CH is quite good, provided that treatment starts in the first 6 weeks of life, and that there are no significant differences between athyreotic children and those with an ectopic gland.
Pediatric Clinics of North AmericaNeonatal Thyroid Screening
21 Citations1978Delbert A. Fisher
Preliminary information suggests that the early diagnosis and screening of newborn infants for congenital hypothyroidism does in fact prevent mental retardation.
European Journal of EndocrinologyNEONATAL SCREENING FOR CONGENITAL HYPOTHYROIDISM IN EUROPE.
21 Citations1979François Delange
A M A Archives of Neurology & PsychiatryPsychologic Studies in Hypothyroidism
20 Citations1956John Money
The relationship between intellectual impairment and thyroid deficiency is far from being completely elucidated, and the evidence collected from a large, randomly selected sample of hypothyroid patients is expected to shed some light on the relationship between cognitional dysfunction and thyroid dysfunction.
Pediatric Clinics of North AmericaNeurological and Muscular Aspects of Thyroid Dysfunction in Childhood
19 Citations1976N. Paul Rosman
The protean influences of thyroid hormones on human development and the clinical syndromes resulting from disordered thyroid function, particularly as they apply to childhood, are reviewed.
The Medical Journal of AustraliaManagement and outcome of children with congenital hypothyroidism detected on neonatal screening in South Australia
19 Citations1986Geoffrey N. Thompson, Robert McCrossin +4 more
Thirty‐eight congenitally hypothyroid children who were detected in a neonatal screening programme have been treated for a mean period of 3.8 years by the maintenance of the free thyroxine index in the upper normal range as the main determinant of the dose of thyroxines, which resulted in delayed return of TSH levels to normal.
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & MetabolismFree Thyroid Hormones in Evaluating Persistently Elevated Thyrotropin Levels in Children with Congenital Hypothyroidism on Replacement Therapy
17 Citations1984F Focarile, G F Rondanini +3 more
Measurement of serum total T4, as indicated by the lack of difference between groups A and B and also by T4/T3 ratio, cannot be considered a reliable index of therapeutic adequacy in such children and suggests that L-T4 therapy should be monitored by measurement of TSH and free hormone concentrations.
Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent MedicineDoes Breast-feeding Protect the Hypothyroid Infant Whose Condition Is Diagnosed by Newborn Screening?
15 Citations1990Joanne Rovet
The results signify that thyroxine levels in infancy from breast-feeding are not necessarily reflected in improved intellectual functioning later in childhood.
Journal of the Neurological SciencesSelective suppression of neurofilament antigen expression in the hypothyroid rat cerebral cortex
15 Citations1986Audrius V. Plioplys, Claude Gravel +1 more
It appears that axons that have attained their mature distribution prior to the onset of thyroid hormone expression are not affected by hypothyroidism whereas mabN210-immunoreactivity is suppressed in those axonal tracts that reach a mature distribution after P4.
European Journal of PediatricsA comparison between the neurological and intellectual abnormalities in children and adults with congenital hypothyroidism
14 Citations1986G. J. Frost, J M Parkin
Standardised intellectual, motor and behavioural tests have been undertaken in a group of 73 children and 43 adults with congenital hypothyroidism in a regional study in the north of England anditudinal IQ data indicate persistence of intellectual abnormalities, though there was an increase in IQ score in several patients.
Treatment Strategy and Long Term Follow Up of Congenital Hypothyroidism
13 Citations1989Guy Van Vliet, Th. Barboni +3 more
Whether the physical and neuropsychological development of children diagnosed as having congenital hypothyroidism by neonatal screening is entirely normal remains controversial.
Archives of Disease in ChildhoodCongenital hypothyroidism missed on screening.
12 Citations1986G. A. Grant, D. J. Carson +2 more
Three patients with congenital hypothyroidism missed on routine screening due to normal low thyrotrophin concentrations in the neonatal period presented in later childhood.
The Journal of PediatricsStrabismus and congenital hypothyroidsm
11 Citations1972Rebecca T. Kirkland, John L. Kirkland +3 more
A survey of 63 children with congenital hypothyroidism revealed that 43% had strabismus which persisted after thyroid replacement therapy, and an additional 10 per cent had nystagmus.
The Journal of PediatricsPrimary congenital hypothyroidism in Spanish-surnamed infants in Southern California
8 Citations1982S. Douglas Frasier, Robert Penny +1 more
Intellectual Outcome in Hypothyroid Children Screened at Birth
8 Citations1989J. P. Farriaux, Jean‐Louis Dhondt +1 more
In spite of early recognition and onset of therapy, children with congenital hypothyroidism exhibit mild abnormalities of perception and coordination at later ages, and the long term prognosis can be correlated with the severity and duration of congenital hypnotism at the time of initial diagnosis.
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