Overt versus covert rehearsal in short-term memory

Abstract

Following two silent rehearsals, lists were better recalled than they were following two voiced rehearsals, but there was no interaction between voicing at presentation and voicing during rehearsal. These results held both for forced-order and semi-free order recall, though in the latter recency-effects were enhanced following unvoiced rehearsal. The findings are discussed with respect to the feasibility of using overt rehearsal as a means of investigating rehearsal-processes in general.