Social Isolation Disrupts Autonomic Regulation of the Heart and Influences Negative Affective Behaviors
Biological PsychiatryPublished 21 July 2007Open access
Angela J. Grippo, Damon G. Lamb, C. Sue Carter, Stephen W. Porges
Citations187
Generate an AI Snapshot to get a quick, structured summary of this paper.
Study Snapshot
ObjectiveStudy objective
MethodsResearch methodology
PopulationPopulation studied
Sample sizeSample sizes
OutcomesStudy outcomes here
ResultsStudy results comes here
LimitationsResearch study limitations comes here
A concise AI-generated summary of the paper will appear here once you click Generate AI Snapshot.
TL;DR
It is indicated that social isolation induces behavioral, cardiac, and autonomic alterations related to those seen after other stressors and which are relevant to cardiovascular disease and affective disorders.
Abstract
These findings indicate that social isolation induces behavioral, cardiac, and autonomic alterations related to those seen after other stressors and which are relevant to cardiovascular disease and affective disorders. This model may provide insight into the mechanisms that underlie these co-occurring conditions.
Keywords
PsychologyMedicineNeuroscience
Encyclopedia of Social WorkDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
109,983 Citations2013Janet B. W. Williams, Michael B. First
European Heart JournalHeart rate variability: Standards of measurement, physiological interpretation, and clinical use
15,291 Citations1996Marek Malik, J. Thomas Bigger +5 more
Journal of Neuroscience MethodsValidation of open : closed arm entries in an elevated plus-maze as a measure of anxiety in the rat
5,783 Citations1985Sharon Pellow, Philippe Chopin +2 more
A novel test for the selective identification of anxiolytic and anxiogenic drug effects in the rat is described, using an elevated + -maze consisting of two open arms and two enclosed arms, which showed that behaviour on the maze was not clearly correlated either with exploratory head-dipping or spontaneous locomotor activity.
The American Journal of CardiologyDecreased heart rate variability and its association with increased mortality after acute myocardial infarction
4,002 Citations1987Robert E. Kleiger, J. Philip Miller +2 more
HR variability remained a significant predictor of mortality after adjusting for clinical, demographic, other Holter features and ejection fraction, and a hypothesis to explain this finding is that decreased HR variability correlates with increased sympathetic or decreased vagal tone, which may predispose to ventricular fibrillation.
Biological PsychologyThe polyvagal perspective
3,311 Citations2006Stephen W. Porges
The polyvagal perspective emphasizes how an understanding of neurophysiological mechanisms and phylogenetic shifts in neural regulation leads to different questions, paradigms, explanations, and conclusions regarding autonomic function in biobehavioral processes than peripheral models.
Journal of Affective DisordersA model of neurovisceral integration in emotion regulation and dysregulation
2,999 Citations2000Julian F. Thayer, Richard D. Lane
The outlines of a model that integrates autonomic, attentional, and affective systems into a functional and structural network that may help to guide us in the understanding of emotion regulation and dysregulation are presented.
Psychological BulletinMarriage and health: His and hers.
2,324 Citations2001Janice K. Kiecolt‐Glaser, Tamara L. Newton
Evidence from 64 articles published in the past decade suggests that marital functioning is consequential for health; negative dimensions of marital functioning have indirect influences on health outcomes through depression and health habits, and direct influences on cardiovascular, endocrine, immune, neurosensory, and other physiological mechanisms.
Biological PsychiatrySocial support and oxytocin interact to suppress cortisol and subjective responses to psychosocial stress
2,053 Citations2003Markus Heinrichs, Thomas Baumgärtner +2 more
Oxytocin seems to enhance the buffering effect of social support on stress responsiveness, concur with data from animal research suggesting an important role of oxytocin as an underlying biological mechanism for stress-protective effects of positive social interactions.
PsychopharmacologyReduction of sucrose preference by chronic unpredictable mild stress, and its restoration by a tricyclic antidepressant
1,964 Citations1987Paul Willner, Anthony Towell +3 more
Rats exposed chronically to a variety of mild unpredictable stressors showed a reduced consumption of and preference for saccharin or sucrose solutions and DMI reduced blood corticosterone and glucose levels, but stress did not significantly alter either measure.
American Journal of PsychiatryTransduction of psychosocial stress into the neurobiology of recurrent affective disorder
1,847 Citations1992R.M. Post
The author postulates that both sensitization to stressors and episode sensitization occur and become encoded at the level of gene expression, suggesting that the biochemical and anatomical substrates underlying the affective disorders evolve over time as a function of recurrences, as does pharmacological responsivity.
PsychophysiologyOrienting in a defensive world: Mammalian modifications of our evolutionary heritage. A Polyvagal Theory
1,602 Citations1995Stephen W. Porges
The Polyvagal Theory is introduced to explain the different functions of the two primary medullary source nuclei of the vagus and speculates that mammalian, but not reptilian, brainstem organization is characterized by a ventral vagal complex related to processes associated with attention, motion, emotion, and communication.
CirculationDepression and 18-Month Prognosis After Myocardial Infarction
1,562 Citations1995Nancy Frasure‐Smith, François Lespérance +1 more
Depression while in the hospital after an MI is a significant predictor of 18-month post- MI cardiac mortality and significantly improves a risk-stratification model based on traditional post-MI risks, including previous MI, Killip class, and PVCs.
Psychosomatic MedicineLoneliness and Health: Potential Mechanisms
1,157 Citations2002John T. Cacioppo, Louise C. Hawkley +7 more
Health behavior and cortisol regulation, however, may require more sensitive measures and large sample sizes to discern their roles in loneliness and health.
Neuroscience & Biobehavioral ReviewsChronic mild stress-induced anhedonia: A realistic animal model of depression
1,142 Citations1992Paul Willner, Richard Muscat +1 more
The validity of chronic mild stress-induced anhedonia as an animal model of depression is reviewed, and the evidence that changes in hedonic responsiveness in this model are mediated by changes in the sensitivity of dopamine D2 receptors in the nucleus accumbens is reviewed.
Neuroscience & Biobehavioral ReviewsEthological and temporal analyses of anxiety-like behavior: The elevated plus-maze model 20 years on
1,002 Citations2005A.P. Carobrez, Leandro J. Bertoglio
Archives of General PsychiatryDepression and Cardiac Mortality
925 Citations2001Brenda W.J.H. Penninx, Aartjan T.F. Beekman +5 more
Depression increases the risk for cardiac mortality in subjects with and without cardiac disease at baseline, and the excess cardiac mortality risk was more than twice as high for major depression as for minor depression.
CirculationShort-Term Heart Rate Variability Strongly Predicts Sudden Cardiac Death in Chronic Heart Failure Patients
917 Citations2003Maria Teresa La Rovere, Gian Domenico Pinna +11 more
Reduced short-term LFP during controlled breathing is a powerful predictor of sudden death in patients with CHF that is independent of many other variables, and refine the identification of patients who may benefit from prophylactic implantation of a cardiac defibrillator.
CirculationSymptoms of Depression, Acute Myocardial Infarction, and Total Mortality in a Community Sample
858 Citations1996John C. Barefoot, Marianne Schroll
The graded relationships between depression scores and risk, long-lasting nature of the effect, and stability of the depression measured across time suggest that this risk factor is best viewed as a continuous variable that represents a chronic psychological characteristic rather than a discrete and episodic psychiatric condition.
Principles of psychophysiology : physical, social, and inferential elements
786 Citations1990John T. Cacioppo, Louis G. Tassinary
The analysis of periodic processes in psychophysiological research S. Stern, K. Stern and C. Stern uncoated physiological and psychological constructs from physiological data to psychological constructs and found patterns in response patterning led to new ideas about psychophysiology and psychology.
New England Journal of MedicineNeural Activity and Ventricular Fibrillation
769 Citations1976Howard L. Bleich, Emily S. Boro +2 more
In this country, ventricular fibrillation is the likely mechanism for sudden death and the leading cause of fatality among patients with coronary heart disease.
Archives of Internal MedicineThe Nature and Course of Depression Following Myocardial Infarction
730 Citations1989Steven J. Schleifer
The large majority of patients who initially met criteria for major but not minor depression showed evidence of depression at 3 months and most patients with major depression had not returned to work by 3 months, suggesting treatment of major depressive syndromes after myocardial infarction may reduce chronicity and disability.
Annals of the New York Academy of SciencesBeyond Heart Rate Variability
693 Citations2006Julian F. Thayer, Esther Sternberg
Vagal activity appears to play an inhibitory function in the regulation of allostatic systems associated with glucose regulation, hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal (HPA) axis function, and inflammatory processes.
CirculationSymptoms of anxiety and risk of coronary heart disease. The Normative Aging Study.
620 Citations1994Ichiro Kawachi, David Sparrow +2 more
Data suggest an association between anxiety and fatal coronary heart disease, in particular, sudden cardiac death in men reporting two or more anxiety symptoms.
Neuroscience & Biobehavioral ReviewsPhysiological substrates of mammalian monogamy: The prairie vole model
619 Citations1995C. Sue Carter, A. Courtney DeVries +1 more
Results from research with voles suggest that the behaviors characteristics of monogamy, including social attachments and biparental care, may be modified by hormones during development and may be regulated by different mechanisms in males and females.
PsychoneuroendocrinologyLoneliness and neuroendocrine, cardiovascular, and inflammatory stress responses in middle-aged men and women
591 Citations2003Andrew Steptoe, Natalie Owen +2 more
The revised UCLA loneliness scale was completed by 240 working men and women aged 47-59 years and related to affective state and neuroendocrine, cardiovascular, and inflammatory responses.
The American Journal of CardiologyAssociation of depression witk reduced heart rate variability in coronary artery disease
489 Citations1995Robert M. Carney, Roger D. Saunders +4 more
Depressive patients with angiographically documented CAD and either major or minor depression are compared with a sample of nondepressed CAD patients according to age, sex, and smoking status to test the hypothesis that depressed patients with CAD have decreased HR variability compared with nondepression CAD patients.
Pharmacology Biochemistry and BehaviorLong-lasting changes in stress-induced corticosterone response and anxiety-like behaviors as a consequence of neonatal maternal separation in Long–Evans rats
477 Citations2002Mikhail Kalinichev, Keith W Easterling +2 more
Having maternal separation results in a long-lasting increase in anxiety-like behaviors that occurs in a sex-dependent manner, and it is confirmed that MS males oversecrete corticosterone (CORT; 2.5-5 times) in response to mild handling stress.
Annual Review of PsychologyEffects of Psychological and Social Factors on Organic Disease: A Critical Assessment of Research on Coronary Heart Disease
471 Citations2002David S. Krantz, Melissa K McCeney
It is suggested that, taken as a whole, evidence for a psychological and social impact on CAD morbidity and mortality is convincing, and continued progress in this area requires multidisciplinary research integrating expertise in cardiology and the behavioral sciences, and more effective efforts to communicate research findings to a biomedical audience.
Psychosomatic MedicinePrevalence of Depression in Hospitalized Patients With Congestive Heart Failure
394 Citations2003Kenneth E. Freedland, Michael W. Rich +4 more
The prevalence of depression in hospitalized patients with CHF is similar to rates found in post-myocardial infarction patients, however, it is considerably higher in certain subgroups, such as patients with class III or IV heart failure.
Biological PsychiatryDepression, mortality, and medical morbidity in patients with coronary heart disease
375 Citations2003Robert M. Carney, Kenneth E. Freedland
There is substantial evidence that depression is a risk factor for cardiac morbidity and mortality, both for patients without clinical evidence of coronary heart disease at index examination and for patients with established coronary disease.
Electroencephalography and Clinical NeurophysiologyPerspectives in cardiovascular psychophysiology
299 Citations1984
A selection of viewpoints in CARDIOVASCULAR PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY books files are available at this time at the online library.
The American Journal of CardiologyDecreased heart rate variability in men with phobic anxiety (data from the normative aging study)
294 Citations1995Ichiro Kawachi, David Sparrow +2 more
The data suggest that phobic anxiety is associated with altered cardiac autonomic control, and hence increased risk of sudden cardiac death.
Neuroscience & Biobehavioral ReviewsBiological mechanisms in the relationship between depression and heart disease
261 Citations2002Angela J. Grippo, Alan Kim Johnson
An experimental strategy using animal models for investigating underlying physiological abnormalities in depression is presented, and such approaches may hold promise for advancing the understanding of the interaction between this mood disorder and CAD.
Frontiers in NeuroendocrinologySocial stress: From rodents to primates
244 Citations2005Kellie L. Tamashiro, Mary Nguyen +1 more
This review provides an overview of common rodent and non-human primate models of social stress used in the laboratory with a focus on social hierarchy models and the implications on understanding of the development of stress-related disease.
Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological PsychiatryPsychoneuroendocrinological links between chronic stress and depression
238 Citations2003Gustavo E. Tafet, Renato Bernardini
The analysis of the interactions between the different components of this process, suggests that normalization of the HPA system, either directly through psychopharmacologic strategies, or indirectly through psychotherapeutic approaches oriented to improve the cognitive appraisal of stressful situations, may provide more effective diagnostic, preventive, and therapeutic methods in the treatment of widespread anxiety and mood disorders.
The American Journal of CardiologyFractal analysis of heart rate variability and mortality after an acute myocardial infarction
236 Citations2002Jari Tapanainen, Poul Erik Bloch Thomsen +6 more
Short-term fractal scaling analysis of HR variability is a powerful predictor of mortality among patients surviving an acute myocardial infarction, and alpha(1) was the most significant independent HR variability index that predicted subsequent mortality.
Neuroscience & Biobehavioral ReviewsSuppression of sucrose drinking by chronic mild unpredictable stress: A methodological analysis
236 Citations1992Richard Muscat, Paul Willner
Variety and frequency of microstressors appeared to be the essential features of procedures causing a prolonged anhedonia, and no one element was either necessary to cause the decrease in sucrose intake, or sufficient to maintain the impairment for longer than 4 weeks.
American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory PhysiologyPhenotypic screening for heart rate variability in the mouse
223 Citations2000Josef Gehrmann, Peter E. Hammer +4 more
A technology for heart rate (HR) variability (HRV) analysis in the mouse for characterization of HR dynamics, modulated by vagal and sympathetic activity, and protocol allow for assessment of autonomic regulation of the murine HR.
American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative PhysiologyCardiovascular alterations and autonomic imbalance in an experimental model of depression
216 Citations2002Angela J. Grippo, Julia A. Moffitt +1 more
Results obtained from experiments studying autonomic blockade suggest that cardiovascular alterations in the chronic mild stress model are mediated by elevated sympathetic tone to the heart, which has implications for the study of pathophysiological links between affective disorders and cardiovascular disease.
Psychosomatic MedicineHeart Rate Variability in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease
203 Citations1997Rungroj Krittayaphong, Wayne E. Cascio +7 more
Those with higher depression scores had lower heart rate variability during daily life in comparison to the lower depression score group, and these findings may be related to the reported relationship between depression and survival risk in patients with coronary artery disease.
Brain ResearchEvaluation of the effects of chronic mild stressors on hedonic and physiological responses: sex and strain compared
202 Citations2003Anne T. M. Konkle, Stephanie Baker +4 more
The results indicate a slower rate of weight gain in animals, greater in males, exposed to the chronic stressor regime and CMS is shown to disrupt estrous cycling, predominantly in the Long Evans strain of rats.
Physiology & BehaviorBehavioral and cardiovascular changes in the chronic mild stress model of depression
199 Citations2003Angela J. Grippo, Terry G. Beltz +1 more
The present findings suggest that behavioral changes that are indicative of anhedonia and locomotor alterations associated with depression are dissociable from long-term cardiovascular changes induced by CMS.
Psychosomatic MedicineDepression-Like Behavior and Stressor-Induced Neuroendocrine Activation in Female Prairie Voles Exposed to Chronic Social Isolation
198 Citations2007Angela J. Grippo, Bruce S. Cushing +1 more
The findings suggest that isolation in a socially monogamous rodent model induces both behavioral and neuroendocrine changes that are relevant to depression, which may provide insight into the mechanisms that underlie the development and/or maintenance of depressive disorders in humans.
Physiology & BehaviorDecreased hedonic responsiveness following chronic mild stress is not secondary to loss of body weight
198 Citations1996Paul Willner, Jean‐Luc Moreau +3 more
It is concluded that decreased hedonic sensitivity following chronic mild stress cannot be attributed to loss of body weight.
Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment & HealthHeart rate variability in health and disease
190 Citations1995E Kristal-Boneh, M Raifel +2 more
The data presented in this review clearly show that there are individual differences in heart rate variability (HRV) and that these differences partly reflect differences in the degree of parasympathetic and sympathetic stimulation of the heart.
PsychoneuroendocrinologySOCIAL ISOLATION AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE: AN ATHEROSCLEROTIC PATHWAY?
188 Citations1998Sarah S. Knox, Kerstin Uvnäs‐Moberg
It is hypothesizes that the buffering effect of social support on the cardiovascular system is mediated primarily through mechanisms associated with the release of oxytocin.
American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative PhysiologyProgression of heart failure after myocardial infarction in the rat
178 Citations2001Joseph Francis, Robert M. Weiss +3 more
Physiology & BehaviorChronic social stress: effects on limbic brain structures
173 Citations2003Eberhard Fuchs, Gabriele Flügge
Observations made in the tree shrew chronic psychosocial stress paradigm are summarized with particular focus on neurotransmitter systems and structural changes in limbic brain regions.
European Heart JournalDifferent spectral components of 24 h heart rate variability are related to different modes of death in chronic heart failure
171 Citations2004Stefano Guzzetti, Maria Teresa La Rovere +6 more
Physiology & BehaviorElectrode Positioning for Reliable Telemetry ECG Recordings During Social Stress in Unrestrained Rats
138 Citations1996Andrea Sgoifo, Donatella Stilli +4 more
A surgical procedure for optimizing the location of telemetry ECG leads in rats was described, aimed at obtaining an accurate representation of ECG features throughout the cardiac cycle by limiting the voltage instability usually observed during intense somatomotor activity and improving the signal-to-noise ratio.
Hormones and BehaviorPeripheral Pulses of Oxytocin Increase Partner Preferences in Female, but Not Male, Prairie Voles
134 Citations2000Bruce S. Cushing, C.Sue Carter
Peripheral pulses of OT were no longer effective in inducing partner preferences when females were pretreated with a selective OT receptor antagonist, administered either peripherally or centrally, and peripheral treatment with OT did not facilitate the formation of partner preferences in males.
American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative PhysiologyCircadian rhythms and depression: effects of exercise in an animal model
134 Citations1999Leah C. Solberg, Teresa H. Horton +1 more
Chronic stress causes long-term depressive-like symptoms but does not have long-lasting effects on activity rhythms, and changes were more pronounced in mice without running wheels, suggesting that exercise may protect against the harmful effects of stress.
Pharmacology Biochemistry and BehaviorEffect of isolation on brain monoamines and the behavior of mice in tests of exploration, locomotion, anxiety and behavioral ‘despair’
133 Citations1989Leena A. Hilakivi, Mineto Ota +1 more
The results indicate that isolation of NIH Swiss mice for less than three weeks induces several behavioral changes, but is not particularly stressful.
NeuroscienceRelease of oxytocin in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus, but not central amygdala or lateral septum in lactating residents and virgin intruders during maternal defence
132 Citations2004Oliver J. Bosch, Simone A. Krömer +2 more
The results indicate that exposure to the maternal defence test is a relevant stressor for the brain OXT system which becomes activated in both intruder and resident rats, although to varying degrees depending upon their reproductive status and in a region-dependent manner.
International Journal of PsychophysiologyCardiovascular reactivity: Mechanisms and pathways to cardiovascular disease
131 Citations2005William R. Lovallo
A model of central nervous system control over peripheral response systems that provides a way of designating three sources of exaggerated stress reactivity that may vary across individuals and may provide useful insights into the sources of stress reactivities that characterize specific groups at risk.
Hormones and BehaviorMale stimuli are necessary for female sexual behavior and uterine growth in prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster)
130 Citations1987Cameron S. Carter
The results suggest that direct physical contact with the male or chemical stimuli from the male may be necessary to induce and maintain behavioral estrus in female prairie voles.
American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory PhysiologyIncreased susceptibility to ventricular arrhythmias in a rodent model of experimental depression
98 Citations2004Angela J. Grippo, Cláudia Mota dos Santos +5 more
It is suggested that the presence of depressive symptoms is associated with a lower threshold for ventricular arrhythmias, which may contribute to the increased risk for adverse cardiovascular events in patients with depression.
American Heart JournalDepression but not anxiety influences the autonomic control of heart rate after myocardial infarction
88 Citations2001Maria Vittoria Pitzalis, Massimo Iacoviello +7 more
In patients with myocardial infarction, depression but not anxiety negatively influences autonomic control of heart rate, and beta-blockers modify these influences.
PsychophysiologyThe Effects of Pharmacological Manipulations that Influence Vagal Control of the Heart on Heart Period, Heart‐Period Variability and Respiration in Rats
76 Citations1982Brandon G. Yongue, Philip M. McCabe +4 more
It was suggested that, while all three variables are altered by manipulations of vagal influences on the heart, V seems to be influenced less by non-vagal control than HP and HPV.
American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative PhysiologyCytokine mediation of experimental heart failure-induced anhedonia
73 Citations2003Angela J. Grippo, Joseph Francis +3 more
An index of depression is evaluated in a rodent model of heart failure by measuring responses to rewarding electrical brain stimulation, which provides an experimental procedure to operationally define anhedonia in rats.
Laboratory AnimalsAutonomic nervous function in mice and voles (<i>Microtus arvalis</i>): investigation by power spectral analysis of heart rate variability
71 Citations1996K. Ishii, Masayoshi Kuwahara +2 more
The power spectral analysis of heart rate variability suggested that the parasympathetic nervous function was predominant in voles, but the sympathetic one was dominant in mice.
American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory PhysiologyVulnerability to arrhythmias during social stress in rats with different sympathovagal balance
69 Citations1998Andrea Sgoifo, Sietse F. de Boer +6 more
These two strains of rats might represent a valuable experimental model for studying the mechanisms (cellular/electrophysiological) responsible for the susceptibility to arrhythmias in healthy individuals exposed to stressful situations.
Physiology & BehaviorCardiac regulation in the socially monogamous prairie vole
61 Citations2006Angela J. Grippo, Damon G. Lamb +2 more
The data indicate that autonomic function in prairie voles shares similarities with primates, with a predominant vagal influence on cardiac regulation.
PubMedNew strategies in the search for anxiolytics.
41 Citations1990SE File
The need for animal behavioural tests in the search for novel anxiolytics is discussed and those tests that are ethologically-based are described, including the social interaction, elevated plus-maze, light-dark transitions, and rat pup isolation-induced calling tests.
European Heart Journal SupplementsPrognostic benefits of heart rate reduction in cardiovascular disease
40 Citations2003Roberto Ferrari
Considering that heart rate is a major determinant of oxygen consumption and metabolic demand, heart rate reduction would be expected to diminish cardiac workload.
NeuropharmacologyEffects of single and repeated electroconvulsive shock on the social and agonistic behaviour of resident rats
27 Citations2003Paul J. Mitchell, S.J. Fairhall +2 more
It is demonstrated that repeated ECS treatment increases the aggressive behaviour of resident rats which may be associated with adaptive changes in 5-HT(2C) and 5- HT(2A) receptor-mediated function.
Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory InvestigationBeneficial effects of vagal stimulation on the ischaemic myocardium during beta-receptor blockade
19 Citations1981John Kjekshus, Arnoldus Schytte Blix +2 more
Vagal stimulation resulted in decreased collateral resistance in the ischaemic area and a marked reduction of myocardial oxygen requirement of both non-ischaemic and border zone myocardium, additional to that obtained with beta receptor blockade.
Acta Physiologica ScandinavicaEffects of adrenal demedullation on stress‐induced hypertension and cardiovascular responses to acute stress
13 Citations1988Stein Knardahl, Brian J. Sanders +1 more
Adrenal demedullation was effective in attenuating plasma A during stress and reduced the plasma noradrenaline response, and the larger pressor responses of the ADM group seem to result from attenuation of beta-adrenoreceptor-mediated dilation of skeletal muscle vasculature.
Physiology & BehaviorSocial stress, myocardial damage and arrhythmias in rats with cardiac hypertrophy
12 Citations2001Donatella Stilli, Roberta Berni +7 more
Social stress proved to be a valuable tool for analyzing the combined effects of autonomic stimulation and altered myocardial substrate on the genesis of potentially life-threatening arrhythmias in social animals.
