The bradycardia of the dive reflex—A possible mechanism of sudden death
Conditional ReflexPublished 1 April 1967Open access
Stewart Wolf
Citations79
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It is suggested that a protective response designed to conserve oxygen may be inappropriately involved under a variety of circumstances and may be lethal if excessive or if unbalanced by opposing forces.
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PsychologyMedicine
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Five men of outstanding diving ability performed apneic underwater dives in a specially fitted tank, and the divers hyperventilated to extreme degrees of hypocapnia before submerging, and their arterial blood carbon dioxide tensions rarely rose above normal levels during a dive.
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The circulatory adjustments to diving are elicited by the actual water immersion, probably due to stimulation of peripheral receptors in the beak, especially in the region of the nostrils, as well as the degree of distention of the lungs and the air-sacs.
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It was concluded that the marked ability of divers to withstand asphyxia is related to their circulatory response, which reduces the oxygen supply to areas that can easily withstand an oxygen deficit for a limited period, conserving the available oxygen stores for tissues more sensitive to a lack of oxygen.
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The abundance and distribution of the fibrils in the perimysial plexus of the myocardium in all the vertebrates examined, including the human, support the opinion expressed years ago by Smirnoff (1900) that every muscle cell of the heart is innervated.
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The significance of asphyxia and its two components hypoxia and hypercapnia for the development of the circulatory adjustments to diving has been studied in the domestic duck by ventilating the lungs and air-sacs with various gas mixtures during submergence.
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