Detecting hidden messages using higher-order statistical models
Proceedings - International Conference on Image ProcessingPublished 25 June 2003
Hany Farid
Citations265
SJR score0.37
SNIP0.54
Generate an AI Snapshot to get a quick, structured summary of this paper.
Study Snapshot
ObjectiveStudy objective
MethodsResearch methodology
PopulationPopulation studied
Sample sizeSample sizes
OutcomesStudy outcomes here
ResultsStudy results comes here
LimitationsResearch study limitations comes here
A concise AI-generated summary of the paper will appear here once you click Generate AI Snapshot.
TL;DR
A new approach to detecting hidden messages in images is described, which uses a wavelet-like decomposition to build higher-order statistical models of natural images and a Fisher (1936) linear discriminant analysis is used to discriminate between untouched and adulterated images.
Abstract
Techniques for information hiding have become increasingly more sophisticated and widespread. With high-resolution digital images as carriers, detecting hidden messages has become considerably more difficult. This paper describes a new approach to detecting hidden messages in images. The approach uses a wavelet-like decomposition to build higher-order statistical models of natural images. A Fisher (1936) linear discriminant analysis is then used to discriminate between untouched and adulterated images.
Keywords
Computer Science
Annals of EugenicsTHE USE OF MULTIPLE MEASUREMENTS IN TAXONOMIC PROBLEMS
14,727 Citations1936Ronald Aylmer Fisher
Pattern classification and scene analysis
12,643 Citations1973Richard O. Duda, Peter E. Hart
IEEE Transactions on Signal ProcessingEmbedded image coding using zerotrees of wavelet coefficients
4,813 Citations1993J.M. Shapiro
Proceedings of the IEEEInformation hiding-a survey
2,536 Citations1999Fabien A. P. Petitcolas, Ross Anderson +1 more
An overview of the information-hiding techniques field is given, of what the authors know, what works, what does not, and what are the interesting topics for research.
ComputerExploring steganography: Seeing the unseen
1,481 Citations1998Neil F. Johnson, Sushil Jajodia
It is argued that steganography by itself does not ensure secrecy, but neither does simple encryption, and if these methods are combined, however, stronger encryption methods result.
IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in CommunicationsOn the limits of steganography
1,175 Citations1998Ross Anderson, Fabien A. P. Petitcolas
It is shown that public key information hiding systems exist, and are not necessarily constrained to the case where the warden is passive, and the use of parity checks to amplify covertness and provide public key steganography.
Physical Review LettersStatistics of natural images: Scaling in the woods
945 Citations1994Daniel Ruderman, William Bialek
This work gathers images from the woods and finds that these scenes possess an ensemble scale invariance, and this non-Gaussian character cannot be removed through local linear filtering, meaning information is maximized at fixed channel variance.
Lecture notes in computer scienceAttacks on Steganographic Systems
829 Citations2000Andreas Westfeld, Andreas Pfitzmann
This work presents both visual attacks, making use of the ability of humans to clearly discern between noise and visual patterns, and statistical attacks which are much easier to automate.
International Journal of Computer VisionFilters, Random Fields and Maximum Entropy (FRAME): Towards a Unified Theory for Texture Modeling
659 Citations1998Song Chun Zhu, Yingnian Wu +1 more
The resulting model, called FRAME (Filters, Random fields And Maximum Entropy), is a Markov random field (MRF) model, but with a much enriched vocabulary and hence much stronger descriptive ability than the previous MRF models used for texture modeling.
Deep Blue (University of Michigan)Defending against statistical steganalysis
562 Citations2001Niels Provos
Improved methods for information hiding are presented and an a priori estimate is presented to determine the amount of data that can be hidden in the image while still being able to maintain frequency count based statistics.
IEEE Transactions on Image ProcessingImage compression via joint statistical characterization in the wavelet domain
522 Citations1999R.W. Buccigrossi, Eero P. Simoncelli
A Markov model is proposed that explains dependencies using a linear predictor for magnitude coupled with both multiplicative and additive uncertainties, and it is shown that it accounts for the statistics of a wide variety of images including photographic images, graphical images, and medical images.
IEEE Transactions on Acoustics Speech and Signal ProcessingA theory of multirate filter banks
410 Citations1987Martin Vetterli
A theoretical framework for the analysis, synthesis, and computational complexity of multirate filter banks is derived and it is shown how to obtain aliasing/ crosstalk-free reconstruction, and when perfect reconstruction is possible.
IEEE ASSP MagazineQuadrature mirror filter banks, M-band extensions and perfect-reconstruction techniques
377 Citations1987P. P. Vaidyanathan
Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE<title>Practical steganalysis of digital images: state of the art</title>
371 Citations2002Jessica Fridrich, Miroslav Goljan
This paper classify and review current stego-detection algorithms that can be used to trace popular steganographic products, and presents some new results regarding the previously proposed detection of LSB embedding using sensitive dual statistics.
Lecture notes in computer scienceSteganalysis of Images Created Using Current Steganography Software
339 Citations1998Neil F. Johnson, Sushil Jajodia
Characteristics in current steganography software that direct the steganalyst to the existence of a hidden message are identified and the ground work of a tool for automatically detecting theexistence of hidden messages in images is introduced.
Subband Image Coding
336 Citations1991John W. Woods
Performance Bounds for Subband Coding, IIR Analysis/Synthesis Systems, and Medical Image Compression: Possible Applications of Sub band Coding.
Deep Blue (University of Michigan)Detecting Steganographic Content on the Internet
249 Citations2002Niels Provos, Peter Honeyman
A detection framework that includes tools to retrieve images from the world wide web and automatically detect whether they might contain steganography content is presented, to determine whether there is steganographic content on the Internet.
Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE<title>Modeling the joint statistics of images in the wavelet domain</title>
199 Citations1999Eero P. Simoncelli
A statistical model for natural photographic images, when decomposed in a multi-scale wavelet basis, is described and the marginal and pairwise joint histograms of wavelet coefficients at adjacent spatial locations, orientations, and spatial scales are examined.
Journal of the Optical Society of America APredictability and redundancy of natural images
149 Citations1987Daniel Kersten
An experiment was devised in which human observers interactively restored missing gray levels from 128 X 128 pixel pictures with 16 gray levels, and found that for almost-complete pictures, but not for noisy pictures, this performance can be matched by a nearest-neighbor predictor.
IEEE Transactions on Image ProcessingImage coding by block prediction of multiresolution subimages
95 Citations1995R. Rinaldo, G. Calvagno
An image coder in which the causal similarity among blocks of different subbands in a multiresolution decomposition of the image is exploited and the subband pyramid acts as an automatic block classifier, thus making the block search simpler and the block matching more effective.
Modeling the Joint Statistics of Images in the Wavelet Domain
58 Citations1999Eero P. Simoncelli
Higher-order statistics of natural images and their exploitation by operators selective to intrinsic dimensionality
23 Citations2002Gerhard Krieger, Christoph Zetzsche +1 more
It is argued that operators which are selective to local intrinsic dimensionality can optimally exploit higher-order redundancies and proposed nonlinear i2D-selective operators which exhibit close resemblance to hypercomplex and end-stopped cells in the visual cortex are proposed.