Automatic Extraction of Tempo and Beat From Expressive Performances

It is shown that estimating the perceptual salience of rhythmic events significantly improves the results of a computer program which is able to estimate the tempo and the times of musical beats in expressively performed music.

Abstract

Content processing is a vast and growing field that integrates different approaches borrowed from the signal processing, information retrieval and machine learning disciplines. In this article we deal with a particular type of content processing: the so-called content-based transformations. We will not focus on any particular application but rather try to give an overview of different techniques and conceptual implications. We first describe the transformation process itself, including the main model schemes that are commonly used, which lead to the establishment of the formal basis for a definition of content-based transformations. Then we take a quick look at a general spectral based analysis/synthesis approach to process audio signals and how to extract features that can be used in the content-based transformation context. Using this analysis/synthesis approach we give some examples on how content-based transformations can be applied to modify the basic perceptual axis of a sound and how we can even combine different basic effects in order to perform more meaningful transformations. We finish by going a step further in the ion ladder and present transformations that are related to musical (and thus symbolic) properties rather than to those of the sound or the signal itself.