Design and Analysis of Case-Control Studies
Annual Review of Public HealthPublished 1 May 1982Open access
N. E. Breslow
Citations162
SJR quartileQ1
SJR score8.29
SNIP8.48
Generate an AI Snapshot to get a quick, structured summary of this paper.
Study Snapshot
ObjectiveStudy objective
MethodsResearch methodology
PopulationPopulation studied
Sample sizeSample sizes
OutcomesStudy outcomes here
ResultsStudy results comes here
LimitationsResearch study limitations comes here
A concise AI-generated summary of the paper will appear here once you click Generate AI Snapshot.
TL;DR
The case-control study, wherein one compares cases and disease-free controls vis-a-vis exposure histories obtained by interview or other retrospective means, has been gaining favor in recent years as a valid and cost-effective alternative method.
Abstract
In recent decades, there has been remarkable growth in scientific research examining the multiple ways in which racism can adversely affect health. This interest has been driven in part by the striking persistence of racial/ethnic inequities in health and ...Read More
Keywords
Social SciencesMathematicsHealth Professions
JNCI Journal of the National Cancer InstituteStatistical Aspects of the Analysis of Data From Retrospective Studies of Disease
14,860 Citations1959Nathan Mantel, William Haenszel
Contemporary Sociology A Journal of ReviewsDiscrete Multivariate Analysis: Theory and Practice.
5,160 Citations1975James R. Beniger, Yvonne Bishop +4 more
American Journal of EpidemiologyRE: “ESTIMABILITY AND ESTIMATION IN CASE-REFERENT STUDIES”
1,557 Citations1977Max Halperin
BiometrikaLogistic disease incidence models and case-control studies
1,088 Citations1979Ross L. Prentice, Ronald Pyke
It is shown that the odds ratio estimators and their asymptotic variance matrices may be obtained by applying the original logistic regression model to the case-control study as if the data had been obtained in a prospective study.
New England Journal of MedicineIncreased Risk of Endometrial Carcinoma among Users of Conjugated Estrogens
1,006 Citations1975Harry K. Ziel, William D. Finkle
The possibility that the use of conjugated estrogens increases the risk of endometrial carcinoma was investigated in patients and a twofold age-matched control series from the same population, and data suggest that conjugate estrogens have an etiologic role in endometrian carcinoma.
JNCI Journal of the National Cancer InstituteSmoking and Lung Cancer: Recent Evidence and a Discussion of Some Questions
860 Citations1959Jerome Cornfield, William Haenszel +4 more
The consistency of all the epidemiologic and experimental evidence supports the conclusion of a causal relationship with cigarette smoking, while there are serious incon-sistencies in reconciling the evidence with other hypotheses which have been advanced.
BiometrikaRetrospective studies and failure time models
417 Citations1978Ross L. Prentice, N. E. Breslow
The proportional hazards model is adapted to the retrospective epidemiological study, in which cases and controls are sampled from a population in order to relate disease incidence rates to exposure to suspected risk factors.
American Journal of EpidemiologyESTIMATION OF MULTIPLE RELATIVE RISK FUNCTIONS IN MATCHED CASE-CONTROL STUDIES
415 Citations1978N. E. Breslow, Nicholas Day +3 more
A linear logistic model used to estimate multiple risk functions in both cohort and case-control studies is adapted for sampling plans wherein each case is matched with R controls and substantially liberalizes current practice.
American Journal of EpidemiologyCONFOUNDING AND EFFECT-MODIFICATION
358 Citations1974Olli S. Miettinen
To pursue routinely the conditional relationships is a policy whose productiveness is much too low to justify the added efforts and complexities relative to the prevailing approach of first "screening" on the basis of unconditional criteria.
BiometricsEstimation of Relative Risk from Individually Matched Series
306 Citations1970Olli S. Miettinen
The resulting maximum likelihood estimate is expressed in a closed form up to the case of two-to-one matching, while with 3 or more controls for each case a simple iterative procedure of obtaining the estimate is presented.
Revue de l Institut International de Statistique / Review of the International Statistical InstituteThe Comparison of Proportions: A Review of Significance Tests, Confidence Intervals and Adjustments for Stratification
274 Citations1971John J. Gart
The theory and application of statistical analyses appropriate for the analyses of higher order interaction in contingency tables and the fitting of multivariate contingency table data are reviewed.
New England Journal of MedicineAlternative Analytic Methods for Case-Control Studies of Estrogens and Endometrial Cancer
258 Citations1978Ralph I. Horwitz, Alvan R. Feinstein
Alternative sampling methods were used to eliminate the detection bias that arises from the increased diagnostic attention given to estrogens in a case–control study of estrogens and endometrial cancer.
BiometricsEfficiency of Case-Control Studies with Multiple Controls Per Case: Continuous or Dichotomous Data
250 Citations1975Hans Ury
The statistical efficiency of a study design which matches each case with k controls is compared with that of the standard matched-pairs setup and the Pitman efficiency is compared for large-sample dichotomous situations.
BiometrikaLikelihood calculations for matched case-control studies and survival studies with tied death times
205 Citations1981Mitchell H. Gail, Jay H. Lubin +1 more
American Journal of EpidemiologyMULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS FOR MATCHED CASE-CONTROL STUDIES1
161 Citations1978Theodore R. Holford, Colin White +1 more
A multivariate method based on the linear logistic model is presented for the analysis of case-control studies with pairwise matching, which enables one to investigate the effect of several variables simultaneously in the analysis while allowing for the matched design.
Journal of the American Statistical AssociationSample Size for Logistic Regression with Small Response Probability
159 Citations1981Alice S. Whittemore
The Fisher information matrix for the estimated parameters in a multiple logistic regression can be approximated by the augmented Hessian matrix of the moment-generating function for the covariates to obtain a simple closed-form estimate of the asymptotic covariance Matrix of the maximum likelihood parameter estimates, and thus approximate sample sizes needed to test hypotheses about the parameters.
Journal of the American Statistical AssociationSmoking and Lung Cancer: Some Observations on Two Recent Reports
123 Citations1958Joseph Berkson
If smoking increases the risk of death, it should affect heavy smokers most; the first thing to do is to see whether the death rates of the heavy smokers are higher than the rates of those who are less than heavy smokers, which suggests itself as a sensitive method.
American Journal of EpidemiologyMATCHING AND DESIGN EFFICIENCY IN RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES
107 Citations1970Olli S. Miettinen
My reservations about the efficiency motive for matching in retrospective studies do not represent conclusions from any mathematical model but have a rather nonmathematical rationale.
BiometricsAre There Two Logistic Regressions for Retrospective Studies?
93 Citations1978N. E. Breslow, William A. Powers
A comparison is made between two different approaches to the linear logistic regression analysis of retrospective study data: the prospective model wherein the dependent variable is a dichotomous indicator of case/control status; and the retrospective model wherein it is a binary or polychotomous classification of exposure.
Journal of Chronic DiseasesSome aspects of retrospective studies
92 Citations1960Jerome Cornfield, William Haenszel
The "retrospective" or "case-control" study provides a more economical way of estimating the relative risk of disease than the prospective method because it does not require the devotion of considerable study resources to those who did not develop the disease.
American Journal of EpidemiologyDETERMINATION OF SIGNIFICANT RELATIVE RISKS AND OPTIMAL SAMPLING PROCEDURES IN PROSPECTIVE AND RETROSPECTIVE COMPARATIVE STUDIES OF VARIOUS SIZES
84 Citations1977Stephen D. Walter
Methods are given for determining the relative risks which it is possible to demonstrate as statistically significant with given probability in prospective and retrospective studies of a particular size.
Journal of the American Statistical AssociationFinite-Sample Properties of Some Old and Some New Estimators of a Common Odds Ratio from Multiple 2 × 2 Tables
60 Citations1982Walter W. Hauck, Sharon Anderson +1 more
American Journal of EpidemiologyOVERADJUSTMENT IN CASE-CONTROL STUDIES
56 Citations1980Nicholas Day, David P. Byar +1 more
In analyzing data from case-control studies to identify association between an exposure variable and disease status, other variables may be considered as potential confounding variables and theoretical approximations for quantitating these effects are derived and the adequacy of these approximation is confirmed by simulation.
Journal of Chronic DiseasesThe determination of sample sizes for trials involving several independent 2 × 2 tables
43 Citations1973Mitchell H. Gail
The method is applicable to the design of experiments to estimate relative risk of disease as well as to trials comparing the efficiency of two treatments, and how to determine sample size when any other regular function of p 1 j and p 2 j can be assumed constant over all k strata.
Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series C (Applied Statistics)Matched Case-Control Studies with a Variable Number of Controls per Case
43 Citations1980Stephen D. Walter
American Journal of EpidemiologyCOST CONSIDERATIONS AND SAMPLE SIZE REQUIREMENTS IN COHORT AND CASE-CONTROL STUDIES
23 Citations1978Edward F. Meydrech, Lawrence L. Kupper
Three methods for incorporating cost considerations into sample size determination for cohort and case-control studies are considered and it is found that when the costs of obtaining exposed and nonexposed subjects or of obtaining case and control subjects differ, an improvement in design can be achieved.
American Journal of Public Health and the Nations HealthA graph of sample sizes for retrospective studies.
10 Citations1965Gerald R. Chase, Melville R. Klauber
American Journal of EpidemiologyON THE FACTORIZATION OF THE CRUDE RELATIVE RISK
5 Citations1977Ayenew Ejigou, Richard McHugh
The confounding effect of covariates in the estimation of the relative risk has been variously approached by many authors and Miettinen endeavored to partition the crude relative risk estimator into two components.
