Observational learning in budgerigars

Abstract

Creatine monohydrate is the most widely used supplement form of Creatine (Cr). It is de novo synthesized from the amino acids: arginine, glycine, and methionine or supplied exogenously from red meat and fish. Tissues store Cr in both free and phosphorylated forms (Phosphocreatine, PCr). Cr and PCr, through the Phosphocreatine shuttle system, play an important role in the regulation and homeostasis of cellular energy metabolism especially in muscles and the central nervous system, where the mitochondria are key players in this energy production machinery. This chapter will focus on the application of Cr monohydrate as a mitochondrial nutrient and an energy-boosting compound by increasing Cr/PCr stores. This results in improvement of physical performance, increased muscular strength, improved recovery after exercise, improved memory and neuronal activity. The application of Cr supplementation as a possible treatment for muscular, neurological, and neuromuscular diseases and its relation to the mitochondrial creatine kinase will be reviewed.