BEYOND THE MOLAR—MOLECULAR DISTINCTION: WE NEED MULTISCALED ANALYSES
Journal of the Experimental Analysis of BehaviorPublished 1 May 2001Open access
Philip N. Hineline
Citations53
Generate an AI Snapshot to get a quick, structured summary of this paper.
Study Snapshot
ObjectiveStudy objective
MethodsResearch methodology
PopulationPopulation studied
Sample sizeSample sizes
OutcomesStudy outcomes here
ResultsStudy results comes here
LimitationsResearch study limitations comes here
A concise AI-generated summary of the paper will appear here once you click Generate AI Snapshot.
TL;DR
Dinsmoor's (2001) adherence to molecular analyses may require him to assert that molar and molecular principles are mutually exclusive, but to instead analyze the phenomena of avoidance as inherently multiscaled is to follow a well-established practice in the natural sciences.
Abstract
Dinsmoor's (2001) adherence to molecular analyses may require him to assert that molar and molecular principles are mutually exclusive, but to instead analyze the phenomena of avoidance as inherently multiscaled is to follow a well-established practice in the natural sciences. Besides the issue of scale, two-factor theory, which Dinsmoor advocates, has little to say about some important and longstanding results in experiments that qualify as avoidance.
Keywords
PsychologyAgricultural and Biological SciencesNeuroscience
Journal of the Experimental Analysis of BehaviorON THE LAW OF EFFECT<sup>1</sup>
2,619 Citations1970R. J. Herrnstein
Experiments on single, multiple, and concurrent schedules of reinforcement find various correlations between the rate of responding and the rate or magnitude of reinforcement, which can be accounted for by a coherent system of equations.
Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental PsychiatryHandbook of operant behavior
2,270 Citations1978Ralph M. Turner
Journal of the Experimental Analysis of BehaviorON TWO TYPES OF DEVIATION FROM THE MATCHING LAW: BIAS AND UNDERMATCHING<sup>1</sup>
1,462 Citations1974William M. Baum
The generalized matching law predicts that bias should take this form (adding a constant proportion of responding to the favored alternative) and data from a variety of experiments indicate that it generally does.
The American Journal of PsychologyConditioning and Associative Learning
1,325 Citations1984Winfred F. Hill, N. J. Mackintosh
The study of conditioning in animals Classical and instrumental conditioning Theoretical analysis of classical conditioning Appetitive and aversive reinforcement Avoidance learning Contiguity and contingency: excitatory and inhibitory conditioning Laws of association Discrimination learning.
Journal of the Experimental Analysis of BehaviorTHE CORRELATION‐BASED LAW OF EFFECT<sup>1</sup>
668 Citations1973William M. Baum
If the correlation-based law of effect is accepted, it favors measures and units of analysis that transcend momentary events, extending through time, which allow redefinition of reinforcement and punishment, and clarification of their relation to discriminative stimuli.
Psychological ReviewMethod and theory in the study of avoidance.
491 Citations1969R. J. Herrnstein
It is suggested that the conditioned stimulus may function as a discriminative stimulus for the avoidance response, rather than as a stimulus whose removal is inherently reinforcing, as two-factor theory requires.
Journal of the Experimental Analysis of BehaviorNEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT AS SHOCK‐FREQUENCY REDUCTION<sup>1</sup>
320 Citations1966R. J. Herrnstein, Phillip N. Hineline
Journal of the Experimental Analysis of BehaviorTHE EFFECT OF CONTINGENCY UPON THE APPETITIVE CONDITIONING OF FREE‐OPERANT BEHAVIOR
285 Citations1980Lynn J. Hammond
The problem of maintaining independence between response rates and reinforcement probabilities when determining the effect of varying the response-reinforcement contingency upon free-operant behavior was solved by programming local reinforcement probabilities for response and no response on a second-by-second basis.
The Behavior AnalystMatching Theory in Natural Human Environments
211 Citations1988J. J. McDowell
Evidence from the applied literature suggests that matching theory holds not only in laboratory environments, but also in natural human environments, and it can be used to improve treatment planning and management.
Journal of the Experimental Analysis of BehaviorSTIMULI INEVITABLY GENERATED BY BEHAVIOR THAT AVOIDS ELECTRIC SHOCK ARE INHERENTLY REINFORCING
166 Citations2001James A. Dinsmoor
A molecular analysis based on the termination of stimuli that are positively correlated with shock and the production of stimulus that are negatively correlated withshock provides a parsimonious count for both traditional discrete-trial avoidance behavior and the data derived from more recent free-operant procedures.
Journal of the Experimental Analysis of BehaviorNEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT WITHOUT SHOCK REDUCTION<sup>1</sup>
136 Citations1970Philip N. Hineline
Stable lever-press responding in rats was reliably produced and maintained by a procedure in which responses could delay shocks without affecting overall shock frequency and was not maintained when the delay-of-shock involved an increase in overallshock frequency.
Journal of the Experimental Analysis of BehaviorAVERSIVE CONTROL: A SEPARATE DOMAIN?
111 Citations1984Philip N. Hineline
An approach to the interpretation of negative reinforcement is presented, with indication of types of experiments that support it and that also point to promising directions for further work.
The Behavior AnalystComments on Cognitive Science in the Experimental Analysis of Behavior
92 Citations1982Edward K. Morris, Stephen T. Higgins +1 more
Learning and MotivationControl of avoidance by a response-produced stimulus
66 Citations1973James A. Dinsmoor, Gary W. Sears
Journal of the Experimental Analysis of BehaviorPIGEONS' CHOICES IN SITUATIONS OF DIMINISHING RETURNS: FIXED‐ VERSUS PROGRESSIVE‐RATIO SCHEDULES
60 Citations1988Barbara A. Wanchisen, Thomas A. Tatham +1 more
Journal of the Experimental Analysis of BehaviorAN ADJUSTING AVOIDANCE PROCEDURE WITH MULTIPLE AUDITORY AND VISUAL WARNING STIMULI
34 Citations1963George E. Field, John J. Boren
Male albino rats were trained on an adjusting avoidance schedule in which each lever press accumulated a given amount of shock-free time and the behavior was quite similar to that produced by the combined stimuli, thus indicating that the auditory stimuli exercised the greater control.
Journal of the Experimental Analysis of BehaviorDURATION‐REDUCTION OF AVOIDANCE SESSIONS AS NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT
28 Citations1983Mark Mellitz, Philip N. Hineline +2 more
The results clearly indicate a sensitivity of behavior to events on a time scale quite distinct from that of immediate consequences, and support an interpretation of avoidance sessions as events whose contingent relationship to behavior can affect that behavior-even in the absence of stimuli that delineate those relationships.
ScienceAvoidance Sessions as Aversive Events
12 Citations1972Phillip N. Hineline
Rats living continuously in conditioning chambers were permitted to work for food before and after their daily avoidance sessions, indicating conditioned suppression on a time scale much greater than that previously studied in nonhuman animals.
Journal of the Experimental Analysis of BehaviorSECOND‐ORDER OPTIONAL AVOIDANCE AS A FUNCTION OF FIXED‐RATIO REQUIREMENTS
12 Citations1971Norman A. Krasnegor, Joseph V. Brady +1 more
Behavioral and Brain SciencesWhat, then, is Skinner's operationism?
10 Citations1984Philip N. Hineline
Journal of the Experimental Analysis of BehaviorREMOTE EFFECTS OF AVERSIVE CONTINGENCIES: DISRUPTION OF APPETITIVE BEHAVIOR BY ADJACENT AVOIDANCE SESSIONS
4 Citations1987Timothy D. Hackenberg, Philip N. Hineline
The present data suggest that some forms of conditioned suppression are perhaps best viewed within a larger temporal context, after patterns of responding under the fixed-interval schedule were differentially sensitive to disruption.