The top 100 papers
NaturePublished 27 October 2014Open access
Richard Van Noorden, Brendan A. Maher, Regina Nuzzo
Citations488
SJR quartileQ1
SJR score18.29
SNIP10.16
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Abstract
T he discovery of high-temperature superconductors, the determination of DNA's double-helix structure, the first observations that the expansion of the Universe is accelerating -all of these breakthroughs won Nobel prizes and international acclaim.Yet none of the papers that announced them comes anywhere close to ranking among the 100 most highly cited papers of all time.Citations, in which one paper refers to earlier works, are the standard means by which authors acknowledge the source of their methods, ideas and findings, and are often used as a rough measure of a paper's importance.Fifty years ago, Eugene Garfield published the Science Citation Index (SCI), the first systematic effort to track citations in the scientific literature.To mark the anniversary, Nature asked Thomson Reuters, which now owns the SCI, to list the 100 most highly cited papers of all time.(See the full list at www.nature.com/top100.
Keywords
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
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318,326 Citations1951OliverH. Lowry, NiraJ. Rosebrough +2 more
Procedures are described for measuring protein in solution or after precipitation with acids or other agents, and for the determination of as little as 0.2 gamma of protein.
NatureCleavage of Structural Proteins during the Assembly of the Head of Bacteriophage T4
251,640 Citations1970Ulrich K. Laemmli
Using an improved method of gel electrophoresis, many hitherto unknown proteins have been found in bacteriophage T4 and some of these have been identified with specific gene products.
Analytical BiochemistryA Rapid and Sensitive Method for the Quantitation of Microgram Quantities of Protein Utilizing the Principle of Protein-Dye Binding
225,378 Citations1976Mark A. Bradford
Analytical BiochemistryA rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding
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Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B (Statistical Methodology)Controlling the False Discovery Rate: A Practical and Powerful Approach to Multiple Testing
108,736 Citations1995Yoav Benjamini, Yosef Hochberg
The Journal of Chemical PhysicsDensity-functional thermochemistry. III. The role of exact exchange
102,754 Citations1993Axel D. Becke
Physical review. B, Condensed matterDevelopment of the Colle-Salvetti correlation-energy formula into a functional of the electron density
100,056 Citations1988Chengteh Lee, Weitao Yang +1 more
Numerical calculations on a number of atoms, positive ions, and molecules, of both open- and closed-shell type, show that density-functional formulas for the correlation energy and correlation potential give correlation energies within a few percent.
Journal of Molecular BiologyBasic local alignment search tool
94,539 Citations1990Stephen F. Altschul, Warren Gish +3 more
A new approach to rapid sequence comparison, basic local alignment search tool (BLAST), directly approximates alignments that optimize a measure of local similarity, the maximal segment pair (MSP) score.
Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations of CrystallographyA short history of<i>SHELX</i>
87,421 Citations2007George M. Sheldrick
This paper could serve as a general literature citation when one or more of the open-source SH ELX programs (and the Bruker AXS version SHELXTL) are employed in the course of a crystal-structure determination.
Nucleic Acids ResearchGapped BLAST and PSI-BLAST: a new generation of protein database search programs
74,499 Citations1997Stephen F. Altschul
A new criterion for triggering the extension of word hits, combined with a new heuristic for generating gapped alignments, yields a gapped BLAST program that runs at approximately three times the speed of the original.
Proceedings of the National Academy of SciencesDNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors
69,306 Citations1977Frederick Sanger, S. Nicklen +1 more
A new method for determining nucleotide sequences in DNA is described, which makes use of the 2',3'-dideoxy and arabinon nucleoside analogues of the normal deoxynucleoside triphosphates, which act as specific chain-terminating inhibitors of DNA polymerase.
Nucleic Acids ResearchCLUSTAL W: improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, position-specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice
64,940 Citations1994Julie Thompson, Desmond G. Higgins +1 more
The sensitivity of the commonly used progressive multiple sequence alignment method has been greatly improved and modifications are incorporated into a new program, CLUSTAL W, which is freely available.
Acta Crystallographica Section ARevised effective ionic radii and systematic studies of interatomic distances in halides and chalcogenides
64,850 Citations1976R. D. Shannon
Analytical BiochemistrySingle-Step Method of RNA Isolation by Acid Guanidinium Thiocyanate–Phenol–Chloroform Extraction
63,238 Citations1987Piotr Chomczynski
Physical ReviewSelf-Consistent Equations Including Exchange and Correlation Effects
63,214 Citations1965W. Kohn, L. J. Sham
Molecular Biology and EvolutionThe neighbor-joining method: a new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees.
60,481 Citations1987Naruya Saitou, M Nei
The neighbor-joining method and Sattath and Tversky's method are shown to be generally better than the other methods for reconstructing phylogenetic trees from evolutionary distance data.
The LancetSTATISTICAL METHODS FOR ASSESSING AGREEMENT BETWEEN TWO METHODS OF CLINICAL MEASUREMENT
47,620 Citations1986J Martin Bland, DouglasG. Altman
An alternative approach, based on graphical techniques and simple calculations, is described, together with the relation between this analysis and the assessment of repeatability.
Cellular Physiology and BiochemistryShort-Term Effects of Nose-Only Cigarette Smoke Exposure on Glutathione Redox Homeostasis, Cytochrome P450 1A1/2 and Respiratory Enzyme Activities in Mice Tissues
47,283 Citations2013Haider Raza, Annie John +1 more
The results suggest that even short term exposure of cigarette smoke have adverse effects on mitochondrial functions and redox homeostasis in tissues which may progress to further complications associated with chronic smoking.
Analytical BiochemistrySingle-step method of RNA isolation by acid guanidinium thiocyanate-phenol-chloroform extraction
46,819 Citations1987Piotr Chomczyński, Nicoletta Sacchi
A new method of total RNA isolation by a single extraction with an acid guanidinium thiocyanate-phenol-chloroform mixture is described, providing a pure preparation of undegraded RNA in high yield and can be completed within 4 h.
EvolutionCONFIDENCE LIMITS ON PHYLOGENIES: AN APPROACH USING THE BOOTSTRAP
41,453 Citations1985Joseph Felsenstein
The recently‐developed statistical method known as the “bootstrap” can be used to place confidence intervals on phylogenies and shows significant evidence for a group if it is defined by three or more characters.
Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B (Statistical Methodology)Regression Models and Life-Tables
39,259 Citations1972D. R. Cox
Nucleic Acids ResearchThe CLUSTAL_X windows interface: flexible strategies for multiple sequence alignment aided by quality analysis tools
39,217 Citations1997Julie Thompson
ClUSTAL X is a new windows interface for the widely-used progressive multiple sequence alignment program CLUSTAL W, providing an integrated system for performing multiple sequence and profile alignments and analysing the results.
Journal of the American Statistical AssociationNonparametric Estimation from Incomplete Observations
39,052 Citations1958Edward L. Kaplan, Paul Meier
Methods in enzymology on CD-ROM/Methods in enzymology[20] Processing of X-ray diffraction data collected in oscillation mode
33,598 Citations1997Zbyszek Otwinowski, W. Minor
The methods presented in the chapter have been applied to solve a large variety of problems, from inorganic molecules with 5 A unit cell to rotavirus of 700 A diameters crystallized in 700 × 1000 × 1400 A cell.
Journal of Applied CrystallographyPROCHECK: a program to check the stereochemical quality of protein structures
24,633 Citations1993Roman A. Laskowski, Malcolm W. MacArthur +2 more
The Annals of StatisticsBootstrap Methods: Another Look at the Jackknife
17,446 Citations1979B. Efron
SciencePrimer-Directed Enzymatic Amplification of DNA with a Thermostable DNA Polymerase
17,154 Citations1988Randall K. Saiki, David H. Gelfand +6 more
A thermostable DNA polymerase was used in an in vitro DNA amplification procedure, the polymerase chain reaction, which significantly improves the specificity, yield, sensitivity, and length of products that can be amplified.
Journal of Applied CrystallographyMOLSCRIPT: a program to produce both detailed and schematic plots of protein structures
14,112 Citations1991P. Kraulis
Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations of CrystallographyImproved methods for building protein models in electron density maps and the location of errors in these models
12,649 Citations1991T. Alwyn Jones, Jin-yu Zou +2 more