Guidelines for the prophylaxis and treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections in the UK
Journal of Antimicrobial ChemotherapyPublished 28 February 2006Open access
C. G. Gemmell, David Edwards, A.P. Fraise, F.K. Gould, G L Ridgway, R. E. Warren
Citations435
SJR quartileQ1
SJR score1.21
SNIP1.12
Generate an AI Snapshot to get a quick, structured summary of this paper.
Study Snapshot
ObjectiveStudy objective
MethodsResearch methodology
PopulationPopulation studied
Sample sizeSample sizes
OutcomesStudy outcomes here
ResultsStudy results comes here
LimitationsResearch study limitations comes here
A concise AI-generated summary of the paper will appear here once you click Generate AI Snapshot.
TL;DR
These evidence-based guidelines have been produced after a literature review of the treatment and prophylaxis of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection.
Abstract
These evidence-based guidelines have been produced after a literature review of the treatment and prophylaxis of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection. The guidelines were further informed by antibiotic susceptibility data on MRSA from the UK. Recommendations are given for the treatment of common infections caused by MRSA, elimination of MRSA from carriage sites and prophylaxis of surgical site infection. There are several antibiotics currently available that are suitable for use in the management of this problem and potentially useful new agents are continuing to emerge.
Keywords
MedicineBiochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Infection Control and Hospital EpidemiologyGuideline for Prevention of Surgical Site Infection, 1999
4,616 Citations1999Alicia J. Mangram, Teresa Horan +3 more
JAMAInvasive Methicillin-Resistant <EMPH TYPE="ITAL">Staphylococcus aureus</EMPH> Infections in the United States
3,720 Citations2007R. Monina Klevens
Invasive MRSA infection affects certain populations disproportionately and is a major public health problem primarily related to health care but no longer confined to intensive care units, acute care hospitals, or any health care institution.
Journal of Antimicrobial ChemotherapyMethicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clinical strain with reduced vancomycin susceptibility
1,980 Citations1997Keiichi Hiramatsu
Therapy was resumed with the com -bination of arbekacin and ampicillin/sulbactam which has been shown to have synergic activity against MRSA.
Clinical Infectious DiseasesComparison of Mortality Associated with Methicillin‐Resistant and Methicillin‐Susceptible<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>Bacteremia: A Meta‐analysis
1,929 Citations2003Sara E. Cosgrove, George Sakoulas +4 more
A meta-analysis was performed to summarize the impact of methicillin-resistance on mortality in Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia and explored the reasons for heterogeneity by means of subgroup analyses.
Emerging infectious diseasesCommunity-Acquired Methicillin-Resistant<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>Carrying Panton-Valentine Leukocidin Genes: Worldwide Emergence
1,696 Citations2003François Vandenesch, Timothy S. Naimi +9 more
Clinical Infectious DiseasesGuidelines for the Management of Intravascular Catheter-Related Infections
1,447 Citations2001Leonard A. Mermel, Barry M. Farr +5 more
These guidelines address the issues related to the management of catheter-related bacteremia and associated complications and provide evidence-based recommendations for assessment of the quality and strength of the data.
The LancetGenome and virulence determinants of high virulence community-acquired MRSA
1,367 Citations2002Tadashi Baba, Fumihiko Takeuchi +12 more
The whole genome sequence of MW2, a strain of community-acquired MRSA, was ascertained by shotgun cloning and sequencing and found that it carried a range of virulence and resistance genes that was distinct from those displayed on the chromosomes of extant S aureus strains.
Infection Control and Hospital EpidemiologySHEA Guideline for Preventing Nosocomial Transmission of Multidrug-Resistant Strains of<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>and<i>Enterococcus</i>
1,192 Citations2003Kathleen Ledell, Carlene A. Muto +2 more
Active surveillance cultures are essential to identify the reservoir for spread of MRSA and VRE infections and make control possible using the CDC’s long-recom-mended contact precautions, demonstrating consistency of evidence, high strength of association, reversibility, dose gradient, and specificity for control with this approach.
New England Journal of MedicineInfection with Vancomycin-Resistant<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>Containing the<i>vanA</i>Resistance Gene
1,094 Citations2003Soju Chang, Dawn Sievert +10 more
Vancomycin-resistant S. aureus was cultured from the exit site of a temporary dialysis catheter of a patient with diabetes, peripheral vascular disease, and persistent foot ulcers and carried the vanA resistance gene, which may have come from the vancomycius-resistant Enterococcus faecalis that was also isolated from the patient.
Clinical Infectious DiseasesAdverse Clinical and Economic Outcomes Attributable to Methicillin Resistance among Patients with<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>Surgical Site Infection
938 Citations2003John J. Engemann, Yehuda Carmeli +7 more
Methicillin resistance is independently associated with increased mortality and hospital charges among patients with S. aureus SSI and has a greater duration of hospitalization after infection.
Journal of Clinical MicrobiologyRelationship of MIC and Bactericidal Activity to Efficacy of Vancomycin for Treatment of Methicillin-Resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> Bacteremia
836 Citations2004George Sakoulas, Pamela A. Moise-Broder +4 more
It is concluded that a significant risk for vancomycin treatment failure in MRSA bacteremia begins to emerge with increasing vancomYcin MICs well within the susceptible range.
European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious DiseasesMethicillin-ResistantStaphylococcus aureus in Europe
810 Citations1994A. Voss, D. Milatović +3 more
Clinical Infectious DiseasesCommunity‐Acquired Methicillin‐Resistant<i>Staphylococcus aureus:</i>A Meta‐Analysis of Prevalence and Risk Factors
799 Citations2003Cassandra D. Salgado, Barry M. Farr +1 more
A meta-analysis of studies reporting the prevalence of community-acquired MRSA (CA-MRSA) among MRSA isolates from hospitalized patients or the prevalenceof MRSA colonization among community members suggested that effective control of dissemination of MRSA throughout the community likely will require effective controlOf nosocomial MRSA transmission.
Clinical Infectious DiseasesSociety for Healthcare Epidemiology of America and Infectious Diseases Society of America Joint Committee on the Prevention of Antimicrobial Resistance: Guidelines for the Prevention of Antimicrobial Resistance in Hospitals
780 Citations1997David M. Shlaes, Dale N. Gerding +14 more
Clinical Infectious DiseasesThe Safety and Efficacy of Daptomycin for the Treatment of Complicated Skin and Skin-Structure Infections
695 Citations2004Robert D. Arbeit, Dennis G. Maki +4 more
The safety and efficacy of daptomycin were comparable with conventional therapy, and the frequency and distribution of adverse events were similar among both treatment groups.
Journal of Antimicrobial ChemotherapyGuidelines for the diagnosis and antibiotic treatment of endocarditis in adults: a report of the Working Party of the British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy
605 Citations2011F. K. Gould, David W. Denning +7 more
The BSAC guidelines on treatment of infectious endocarditis have been updated and extended to reflect developments in diagnostics, new trial data and the availability of new antibiotics.
Clinical Infectious DiseasesOutcomes Analysis of Delayed Antibiotic Treatment for Hospital-Acquired Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia
602 Citations2003Thomas P. Lodise, Peggy S. McKinnon +2 more
Findings support the notion that delay of therapy has deleterious effects on clinical outcomes, and efforts should be made to ensure that appropriate therapy is initiated promptly.
PubMedLinezolid vs vancomycin: analysis of two double-blind studies of patients with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus nosocomial pneumonia.
566 Citations2003Richard G. Wunderink, Jordi Rello +3 more
MedicineStaphylococcus aureus Bacteremia
524 Citations2003Feng‐Yee Chang, James E. Peacock +7 more
Nafcillin was superior to vancomycin in preventing bacteriologic failure (persistent bacteremia or relapse) for methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) baiteremia following antistaphylococcal therapy, and most were relapses.
Clinical Infectious DiseasesLinezolid versus Vancomycin for the Treatment of Methicillin‐Resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> Infections
511 Citations2002Dennis L. Stevens, Daniel Herr +5 more
Hospitalized adults with known or suspected methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections were treated with linezolid or vancomycin, and both regimens were well tolerated, with similar rates of adverse events.
Archives of Internal MedicineOutcome and Attributable Mortality in Critically Ill Patients With Bacteremia Involving Methicillin-Susceptible and Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus
464 Citations2002Stijn Blot, Koenraad Vandewoude +2 more
In critically ill patients, after accurate adjustment for disease severity and acute illness, it is found MRSA bacteremia to have a higher attributable mortality than MSSA b acteremia.
Antimicrobial Agents and ChemotherapyHematologic Effects of Linezolid: Summary of Clinical Experience
443 Citations2002Stanton L. Gerson, Sheldon L. Kaplan +5 more
Hematologic abnormalities were consistent with mild, reversible, duration-dependent myelosuppression, and appropriate monitoring is warranted with linezolid use.
Clinical Infectious DiseasesLinezolid (PNU-100766) versus Vancomycin in the Treatment of Hospitalized Patients with Nosocomial Pneumonia: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Multicenter Study
441 Citations2001Eric Rubinstein, Sue Cammarata +3 more
Linezolid is a well-tolerated, effective treatment for adults with gram-positive nosocomial pneumonia and Eradication rates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and safety evaluations were similar between treatment groups.
Antimicrobial Agents and ChemotherapyProspective Evaluation of the Effect of an Aminoglycoside Dosing Regimen on Rates of Observed Nephrotoxicity and Ototoxicity
432 Citations1999Michael J. Rybak, Betty J. Abate +4 more
It is suggested that once-daily administration of aminoglycosides has a predictably lower probability of causing nephrotoxicity than twice- daily administration.
Clinical Infectious DiseasesLinezolid for the Treatment of Multidrug‐Resistant, Gram‐Positive Infections: Experience from a Compassionate‐Use Program
430 Citations2003Mary C. Birmingham, Craig R. Rayner +4 more
Linezolid provided high rates of clinical cure and microbiological success in this complicated patient population, with very good overall tolerance.
Journal of the American College of CardiologyRole of Echocardiography in Evaluation of Patients With Staphylococcus aureusBacteremia: Experience in 103 Patients
420 Citations1997Vance G. Fowler, Jennifer Li +9 more
The results suggest that IE is common among patients admitted to the hospital with SAB and is associated with an increased risk of death due to sepsis, and TEE is essential to establish the diagnosis and to detect associated complications.
Journal of Antimicrobial ChemotherapyGuidelines for the laboratory diagnosis and susceptibility testing of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
416 Citations2005Derek F. J. Brown, David Edwards +5 more
These evidence-based guidelines have been produced after a literature review of the laboratory diagnosis and susceptibility testing of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and suggest what tests should be used but not when the tests are applicable.
Clinical Infectious DiseasesBacteremic Pneumonia Due to Staphylococcus aureus: A Comparison of Disease Caused by Methicillin-Resistant and Methicillin-Susceptible Organisms
411 Citations1999Claudia Aura Gonzalez, M. Rubio +3 more
Mortality was significantly higher among MSSA-infected patients treated with vancomycin than among those treated with cloxacillin and Multivariate analysis (stepwise logistic regression method) showed a relationship between mortality and the following variables: septic shock, treatment, and respiratory distress.
The Pediatric Infectious Disease JournalCommunity-Acquired, Methicillin-Resistant and Methicillin-Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus Musculoskeletal Infections in Children
410 Citations2004Gerardo Mart nez-Aguilar, Ana Avalos-Mishaan +4 more
Febrile days and hospital days were greater in children with musculoskeletal infection caused by MRSA than in those affected by MSSA, but no significant differences were found in the final outcome.
Antimicrobial Agents and ChemotherapyContinuous versus Intermittent Infusion of Vancomycin in Severe Staphylococcal Infections: Prospective Multicenter Randomized Study
382 Citations2001Marc Wysocki, Frédérique Delatour +11 more
For comparable efficacy and tolerance, CIV may be a cost-effective alternative to IIV in severe hospital-acquired methicillin-resistant staphylococcal infections.
Clinical Infectious DiseasesStaphylococcus aureus Prosthetic Joint Infection Treated with Debridement and Prosthesis Retention
370 Citations1997Claudia M. Brandt, W. W. Sistrunk +5 more
Debridement and retention of the prosthesis was the initial treatment modality in 30 patients with 33 Staphylococcus aureus prosthetic joint infections (PJIs) who presented to the Mayo Clinic between 1980 and 1991 and the probability of treatment failure may be related to the duration of symptoms.
Emerging infectious diseasesIncreasing Resistance to Vancomycin and Other Glycopeptides in <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>
369 Citations2001Fred C. Tenover, James W. Biddle +1 more
Strains of Staphylococcus aureus with reduced susceptibility to glycopeptides have been reported from Japan, the United States, Europe, and the Far East, and there are increasing reports of strains showing heteroresistance.
Clinical Infectious DiseasesSurgical Site Infections in Orthopedic Surgery: The Effect of Mupirocin Nasal Ointment in a Double‐Blind, Randomized, Placebo‐Controlled Study
353 Citations2002Mathijs D. Kalmeijer, H. Coertjens +6 more
Using mupirocin nasal ointment for perioperative eradication of Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage is effective in preventing the development of surgical site infections (SSIs) and the duration of hospital stay.
Annals of Internal MedicineTrimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole Compared with Vancomycin for the Treatment of <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> Infection
346 Citations1992Norman Markowitz, Edward Quinn +1 more
Vancomycin is superior to TMP-SMZ in efficacy and safety when treating intravenous drug users who have staphylococcal infections, however, all treatment failures occurred in patients with MSSA infection at any site.
Clinical Infectious DiseasesEpidemiological and Microbiological Characterization of Infections Caused by<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>with Reduced Susceptibility to Vancomycin, United States, 1997–2001
344 Citations2003Scott K. Fridkin, Jeff Hageman +6 more
Neither dialysis nor chronic renal failure were predictive of case status compared with control status, and independent risk factors for being a case patient included antecedent vancomycin use and prior oxacillin-resistant S. aureus infection 2 or 3 months before the current infection.
Clinical Infectious DiseasesAccessory Gene Regulator Group II Polymorphism in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Is Predictive of Failure of Vancomycin Therapy
330 Citations2004Pamela A. Moise-Broder, George Sakoulas +4 more
Findings that glycopeptide-intermediately resistant S. aureus (GISA) and hetero-GISA clinical isolates in the United States and Japan are enriched for the agr group II polymorphism suggest a possible intrinsic survival advantage of some S.aureus clones with this genetic marker under vancomycin selective pressure.
American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care MedicineRotation and Restricted Use of Antibiotics in a Medical Intensive Care Unit
329 Citations2000Didier Gruson, Gilles Hilbert +7 more
It is suggested that a new strategy of antibiotics use could be an efficient means to reduce the incidence of VAP caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria, and further studies are needed to validate these data.
Infectious Disease Clinics of North AmericaMethicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus
323 Citations1989John M. Boyce
Early implementation of a variety of control measures shortly after the first few cases has been recognized as the approach most likely to result in the eradication of the organism.
Clinical Infectious DiseasesMortality Associated with Nosocomial Bacteremia Due to Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus
320 Citations1995J Romero-Vivas, M. Rubio +2 more
A comparative analysis of the clinical characteristics and mortality rates among patients with nosocomial bacteremia caused by MRSA or methicillin-susceptible S. aureus in the authors' hospital over a 4-year period showed a relationship between mortality and the following variables: methamphetamineicillin resistance, meningitis, and inadequate treatment.
The Pediatric Infectious Disease JournalClindamycin treatment of invasive infections caused by community-acquired, methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus in children
318 Citations2003Gerardo Martínez‐Aguilar, Wendy A. Hammerman +2 more
Clindamycin was effective in treating children with invasive infections caused by susceptible CA-MRSA isolates, and compared the outcome of therapy for MRSA with that of methicillin-susceptible (MSSA) invasive infections in children treated with clind amycin, vancomycin or beta-lactam antibiotics.
The LancetWORLD-WIDE ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE IN METHICILLIN-RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS
316 Citations1989P.A.C. Maple, J. M. T. Hamilton‐Miller +1 more
There were geographical patterns of resistance: MRSA from the UK and Australia were predominantly resistant to trimethoprim, whereas many strains from centres in Europe and the USA were sensitive.
Intensive Care MedicineClinical cure and survival in Gram-positive ventilator-associated pneumonia: retrospective analysis of two double-blind studies comparing linezolid with vancomycin
316 Citations2004Marin H. Kollef, Jordi Rello +3 more
Initial linezolid therapy was associated with significantly better clinical cure and survival rates than was initial vancomycin therapy in patients with MRSA VAP.
CHEST JournalLinezolid vs Vancomycin *
313 Citations2003Richard G. Wunderink, Jordi Rello +3 more
Initial therapy with linezolid was associated with significantly better survival and clinical cure rates than was vancomycin in patients with nosocomial pneumonia due to MRSA.
Clinical Infectious DiseasesTreating Foot Infections in Diabetic Patients: A Randomized, Multicenter, Open‐Label Trial of Linezolid versus Ampicillin‐Sulbactam/Amoxicillin‐Clavulanate
304 Citations2003Benjamin A. Lipsky, Kamal Itani +2 more
Linezolid was at least as effective as aminopenicillin/beta-lactamase inhibitors for treating foot infections in diabetic patients.
Antimicrobial Agents and ChemotherapyRandomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind Trial To Evaluate the Efficacy of Mupirocin for Eradicating Carriage of Methicillin-Resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>
290 Citations1999Stephan Harbarth, Sasi Dharan +4 more
It is suggested that nasal mupirocin is only marginally effective in the eradication of multisite MRSA carriage in a setting where MRSA is endemic.
Archives of Internal MedicineTreatment and Outcome of Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia
277 Citations2002Allan G. Jensen, Carsten Henrik Wachmann +4 more
Focus eradication and the dosing of penicillinase-stable penicillins 4 times daily for longer than 14 days are important to the outcome of S aureus bacteremia.
The Pediatric Infectious Disease JournalClindamycin treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in children
271 Citations2002Arthur L. Frank, John Marcinak +5 more
Clindamycin remains a treatment option if the clinician is notified of the risk by the microbiology laboratory and the clinical situation is suitable, and clind amycin resistance was detected during treatment in one child.
Archives of Internal MedicineImpact of Methicillin Resistance on the Outcome of Patients With Bacteremia Caused by Staphylococcus aureus
268 Citations1998Stephan Harbarth, Olivier Rutschmann +2 more
Methicillin resistance in patients with S aureus bacteremia had no significant impact on patient outcome as measured by in-hospital mortality after adjustment was made for major confounders.
Journal of Hospital InfectionA major outbreak of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus caused by a new phage-type (EMRSA-16)
261 Citations1995R.A. Cox, C. Conquest +2 more
Key parts of the strategy which eventually contained the local outbreak were the establishment of isolation wards in two hospitals, treatment of all colonized patients and staff to eradicate carriage and screening of all patients upon discharge from wards where MRSA had ever been detected.
Clinical Infectious DiseasesDaptomycin‐Resistant, Methicillin‐Resistant<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>Bacteremia
257 Citations2005Alexandra Mangili, Ioana Bica +2 more
A patient who developed daptomycin-resistant, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) during an episode of presumed septic thrombophlebitis of the portal vein is described.
Clinical Infectious DiseasesRisk Factors For Hematogenous Complications of Intravascular Catheter--Associated Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia
257 Citations2005Vance G. Fowler, Justice Afrifa +8 more
On multivariable analysis, symptom duration, hemodialysis dependence, presence of a long-term intravascular catheter or a noncatheter device, and infection with MRSA remained significantly associated with HC.
Clinical Infectious DiseasesPyrimethamine-Clindamycin vs. Pyrimethamine-Sulfadiazine as Acute and Long-Term Therapy for Toxoplasmic Encephalitis in Patients with AIDS
253 Citations1996Christine Katlama, S. De Wit +4 more
Pyr-Cm is a valuable alternative but is less effective for long-term prevention of relapses and Pyr-Sdz appears to be the most effective treatment of TE.
Journal of Antimicrobial ChemotherapyDominance of EMRSA-15 and -16 among MRSA causing nosocomial bacteraemia in the UK: analysis of isolates from the European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System (EARSS)
249 Citations2001Alan P. Johnson
Although EMRSA-15 and -16 were already known to occur in many hospitals throughout the UK, the finding that they comprised 95.6% of MRSA from cases of bacteraemia is the first direct confirmation of their predominant role in bloodstream infections.
The Journal of Infectious DiseasesLinezolid Resistance in Sequential<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>Isolates Associated with a T2500A Mutation in the 23S rRNA Gene and Loss of a Single Copy of rRNA
248 Citations2004Venkata G. Meka, Satish K. Pillai +7 more
The characterization of sequential methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream isolates that developed resistance in a patient treated with a prolonged course of linezolid shows reversion to a susceptible phenotype associated with a loss of the T2500A mutation.
Journal of Antimicrobial ChemotherapyAntibiotic susceptibility assay for Staphylococcus aureus in biofilms developed in vitro
246 Citations1999B. Amorena, Elena Gracia +6 more
Transmission electron microscopy revealed that cells at the inner biofilm layers tend to remain intact after antibiotic treatment and that TSB-grown biofilms favoured a uniformity of cell distribution and increased cell density in comparison with milk-grownBiofilm aged revealed a reduced matrix distribution and enhanced cell density were observed as the biofilm aged.
Clinical Infectious DiseasesIs Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus More Virulent than Methicillin-Susceptible S. aureus? A Comparative Cohort Study of British Patients with Nosocomial Infection and Bacteremia
240 Citations2003Mark Melzer, Susannah Eykyn +2 more
There was a strong statistical trend toward death due to nosocomial MRSA infection and bacteremia, compared with MSSA.
Clinical Infectious DiseasesOnce-Weekly Dalbavancin versus Standard-of-Care Antimicrobial Regimens for Treatment of Skin and Soft-Tissue Infections
233 Citations2003Elyse Seltzer, MaryBeth Dorr +5 more
It is suggested that a regimen of 2 doses of dalbavancin administered 1 week apart is effective in the treatment of complicated, gram-positive bacterial SSTIs and warrants further study.
Clinical TherapeuticsContinuation of a randomized, double-blind, multicenter study of linezolid versus vancomycin in the treatment of patients with nosocomial pneumonia
231 Citations2003Richard G. Wunderink, Sue Cammarata +2 more
In the population studied, linezolid appeared to be as well tolerated and as effective as vancomycin, each in combination with aztreonam.
Clinical Infectious DiseasesProsthetic Joint Infection: When Can Prosthesis Salvage Be Considered?
228 Citations1999Pierre Tattevin, Anne‐Claude Crémieux +3 more
Because debridement with retention of the prosthesis rarely enables control of PJI, this therapeutic approach should be considered only when the duration of symptoms is very short.
Clinical Infectious DiseasesDuration of Colonization by Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus after Hospital Discharge and Risk Factors for Prolonged Carriage
227 Citations2001A. Scanvic, Ljiljana Marković Denić +4 more
It is confirmed that prolonged carriage of MRSA can occur after hospital discharge, support routine screening for MRSA at readmission of previously MRSA-positive patients, and suggest that a particularly high index of suspicion for MRsa carriage should be maintained if these patients have a break in the skin.
BMJBacteriology of abscesses of the central nervous system: a multicentre prospective study.
218 Citations1977John de Louvois, P Gortavai +1 more
Patients with abscesses of the central nervous system was examined for bacteria; bacteria were found in all patients, and microbes infecting half the patients were resistant to penicillin.
American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care MedicineTreatment of Gram-positive Nosocomial Pneumonia: Prospective Randomized Comparison of Quinupristin/Dalfopristin versus Vancomycin
216 Citations2000J.-Y. Fagon, H. Patrick +9 more
Quinupristin/dalfopristin was shown to be equivalent to vancomycin in the treatment of nosocomial pneumonia caused by gram-positive pathogens.
DrugsGlycopeptide Antibiotics
213 Citations2004Françoise Van Bambeke, Yves Van Laethem +2 more
Despite these remarkable properties, the use of these potent agents should be restricted to severe infections, as should the older glycopeptides, with an extension towards resistant or poorly sensitive bacteria, to limit the risk of potential selection of resistance.
Journal of Antimicrobial ChemotherapyOral treatment of Staphylococcus spp. infected orthopaedic implants with fusidic acid or ofloxacin in combination with rifampicin
211 Citations1997Michel Drancourt, Andréas Stein +4 more
Oral treatment with rifampicin combined with fusidic acid may be a suitable alternative to the combination of rifampsicin and ofloxacin for treating implant infections due to Staphylococcus spp.
Infection Control and Hospital EpidemiologyCosts and Outcomes Among Hemodialysis-Dependent Patients With Methicillin-Resistant or Methicillin-Susceptible<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>Bacteremia
200 Citations2005Shelby D. Reed, Joëlle Y. Friedman +10 more
Community-dwelling, hemodialysis-dependent patients hospitalized with MRSA bacteremia face a higher mortality risk, longer hospital stays, and higher inpatient costs than do patients with MSSA baiteremia.
Clinical Infectious DiseasesRisk Factors for Persistent Carriage of Methicillin‐Resistant<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>
197 Citations2000Stéphan Harbarth, Nadia Liassine +4 more
It is suggested that multisite MRSA carriage and previous receipt of a fluoroquinolone are independent risk factors for persistent MRSA colonization.
Infection Control and Hospital EpidemiologyCommunity-Acquired Methicillin-Resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>: An Emerging Pathogen
197 Citations2003Battolili Saïd-Salim, Barun Mathema +1 more
Journal of Hospital InfectionA randomized, controlled trial of tea tree topical preparations versus a standard topical regimen for the clearance of MRSA colonization
195 Citations2004Matthew Dryden, Sue Dailly +1 more
Two topical MRSA eradication regimes were compared in hospital patients: a standard treatment included mupirocin, chlorhexidine gluconate 4% soap, silver sulfadiazine 1% cream versus a tea tree oil regimen, which included tea tree 10% cream, tea tree 5% body wash, both given for five days.
The Journal of Infectious DiseasesLinezolid Resistance in<i>Staphylococcus aureus:</i>Characterization and Stability of Resistant Phenotype
194 Citations2002Satish K. Pillai, George Sakoulas +5 more
This isolate was characterized by determination of the number of mutant 23S rRNA copies, assessment of the stability of the resistant phenotype, and comparison of its growth characteristics with those of linezolid-susceptible S. aureus.
Clinical Infectious DiseasesStaphylococcus aureus Bacteremia: Predictors of 30-Day Mortality in a Large Cohort
190 Citations2000Joseph M. Mylotte, Ammar Tayara
A large cohort of patients who had episodes of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia from January 1995 through February 1999 at 1 medical center were performed, and an acute physiology score >60 at onset of SAB was the most important predictor of 30-day mortality.
Annals of Internal MedicineCost-Effectiveness of Transesophageal Echocardiography To Determine the Duration of Therapy for Intravascular Catheter-Associated <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> Bacteremia
187 Citations1999Allison B. Rosen, Vance G. Fowler +5 more
The cost-effectiveness of TEE for stratifying patients with catheter-associated S. aureus bacteremia to a specific duration of therapy was determined and the most serious complications of infective endocarditis: stroke, valvular insufficiency necessitating surgical replacement, and death were modeled.
Antimicrobial Agents and ChemotherapyTolerability, Pharmacokinetics, and Serum Bactericidal Activity of Intravenous Dalbavancin in Healthy Volunteers
187 Citations2004Anton Leighton, Alice B. Gottlieb +7 more
The long half-life and maintenance of SBA against MRSA for 1 week suggest that weekly dosing may be feasible and the long tolerated dose, characterize the pharmacokinetics, and obtain serum bactericidal activity (SBA) data for intravenous dalbavancin are suggested.
The American Journal of MedicineAttempts to eradicate methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from a long-term-care facility with the use of mupirocin ointment
182 Citations1993Carol A. Kauffman, Margaret S. Terpenning +6 more
Mupirocin ointment is effective at decreasing colonization with MRSA, however, constant surveillance was required to identify patients colonized at admission or experiencing recurrence of MRSA during maintenance treatment, and should be saved for use in outbreak situations and not used over the long term in facilities with endemic MRSA colonization.
Antimicrobial Agents and ChemotherapyEffects of Antibiotics on Nosocomial Epidemiology of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci
180 Citations2002Stephan Harbarth, Sara E. Cosgrove +1 more
Clinical Infectious DiseasesParallel Analysis of Individual and Aggregated Data on Antibiotic Exposure and Resistance in Gram‐Negative Bacilli
172 Citations2001Stephan Harbarth, Anthony D. Harris +2 more
Group-level and individual-patient-level analyses of antibiotic-use-versus-susceptibility relations yielded divergent results, and multicenter studies should include individual- patient-level data to elucidate more fully the relation between antibiotic exposure and resistance.
Clinical Infectious DiseasesQuinupristin‐Dalfopristin and Linezolid: Evidence and Opinion
172 Citations2003George M. Eliopoulos
Quinupristin-dalfopristin and linezolid demonstrate in vitro activity against a wide range of gram-positive bacteria, including many isolates resistant to earlier antimicrobials.
Journal of Hospital InfectionUse of perioperative mupirocin to prevent methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) orthopaedic surgical site infections
171 Citations2003Mark H. Wilcox, James Hall +5 more
PPNMT can reduce the incidence of MRSA SSls after orthopaedic surgery, probably by reducing nasal MRSA carriage in the endemic setting, without selecting for mupirocin resistance.
Journal of Antimicrobial ChemotherapyElimination of nasal carriage of methicillin-resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> with mupirocin during a hospital outbreak
170 Citations1988Robert L. Hill, G. Duckworth +1 more
The elimination of nasal MRSA by mupirocin, and the introduction of isolation facilities, were associated with the control of the outbreak.
Clinical Infectious DiseasesMupirocin-Based Decolonization of Staphylococcus aureus Carriers in Residents of 2 Long-Term Care Facilities: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial
166 Citations2003Lona Mody, Carol A. Kauffman +3 more
A trend toward reduction in infections was seen with mupirocin treatment, and the efficacy of intranasal m upirocin ointment versus that of placebo in reducing colonization and preventing infection was assessed among persistent carriers of S. aureus.
Clinical Infectious DiseasesUse of Long-Acting Tetracyclines for Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Infections: Case Series and Review of the Literature
166 Citations2005Jörg Ruhe, Todd Monson +2 more
Long-acting tetracyclines may be a reasonable treatment alternative for patients with certain types of MRSA infection.
Journal of Antimicrobial ChemotherapyTreatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections with quinupristin-dalfopristin in patients intolerant of or failing prior therapy
163 Citations2000Richard H. Drew
Quinupristin-dalfopristin should be considered as a treatment option for infections caused by MRSA, especially in patients intolerant of or failing alternate therapy.
Clinical Infectious DiseasesReduction in the Incidence of Methicillin‐Resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Ceftazidime‐Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae Following Changes in a Hospital Antibiotic Formulary
162 Citations1999David Landman, Mira Chockalingam +1 more
Altering an antibiotic formulary may be a possible mechanism to contain the spread of selected resistant pathogens and close surveillance is needed to detect the emergence of other resistant pathogens.
Clinical Infectious DiseasesQuinupristin‐Dalfopristin Resistance in Gram‐Positive Bacteria: Mechanism of Resistance and Epidemiology
160 Citations2003Ellie Hershberger, Susan Donabedian +2 more
Considering the effect antimicrobial resistance has on human health, as well as its economic impact, measures to preserve the usefulness of these agents and delay the development of resistance are urgently needed.
The LancetResistance to methicillin and other antibiotics in isolates of Staphylococcus aureus from blood and cerebrospinal fluid, England and Wales, 1989–95
158 Citations1997DCE Speller, AP Johnson +4 more
Among cases of S aureus bacteraemia, the proportion due to MRSA has increased significantly, and the findings are important, especially for management of patients and the development of antibiotic policies.
Emerging infectious diseasesAntecedent Treatment with Different Antibiotic Agents as a Risk Factor for Vancomycin-Resistant<i>Enterococcus</i>
157 Citations2002Yehuda Carmeli, George M. Eliopoulos +1 more
Intravenous treatment with third-generation cephalosporins, metronidazole, and fluoroquinolones was positively associated with VRE and vancomycin was not a risk factor for isolation of VRE.
Antimicrobial Agents and ChemotherapyAmbulatory Treatment of Multidrug-Resistant <i>Staphylococcus</i> -Infected Orthopedic Implants with High-Dose Oral Co-trimoxazole (Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole)
150 Citations1998Andréas Stein, Jean Francois Bataille +5 more
Long-term oral ambulatory treatment with co-trimoxazole appears to be an effective alternative to the conventional medicosurgical treatment of chronic multidrug-resistantStaphylococcus-infected orthopedic implants which includes long-term intravenous antibiotic therapy combined with surgical debridement and removal of foreign material or its subsequent one- or two-stage replacement.
The American Journal of SurgeryLinezolid eradicates MRSA better than vancomycin from surgical-site infections
146 Citations2004John A. Weigelt, Haytham M.A. Kaafarani +2 more
Intravenous or oral linezolid was well tolerated and superior to vancomycin in treating patients with MRSA-infected surgical-site infections.
Antimicrobial Agents and ChemotherapyPotential Clindamycin Resistance in Clindamycin-Susceptible, Erythromycin-Resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> : Report of a Clinical Failure
146 Citations2005Todd P Levin, Byungse Suh +3 more
A clindamycin clinical failure is reported where resistance developed on therapy in a D-test-positive strain of Staphylococcus aureus.
Archives of Internal MedicineThe Association Between Antecedent Vancomycin Treatment and Hospital-Acquired Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci
145 Citations1999Yehuda Carmeli, Matthew H. Samore +1 more
A meta-analysis to estimate the magnitude of the association between vancomycin treatment and individual risk of VRE and to identify study characteristics that accounted for heterogeneity in study results detected publication bias.
Clinical Microbiology and InfectionA twelve-year review of central nervous system bacterial abscesses; presentation and aetiology
145 Citations2003M. Roche, H. Humphreys +6 more
There was a relatively high incidence of polymicrobial infection but the number of specimens with anaerobes was small, which may be because of the use of empiric metronidazole before surgical intervention.
Antimicrobial Agents and ChemotherapyRandomized double-blinded trial of rifampin with either novobiocin or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization: prevention of antimicrobial resistance and effect of host factors on outcome
145 Citations1993Thomas J. Walsh, Harold C. Standiford +8 more
The combination of novobiocin plus rifampin was more effective in preventing the emergence of resistance to rifampsin and demonstrated a trend toward greater activity in clearing the MRSA carrier state.
Antimicrobial Agents and ChemotherapyVancomycin concentrations in infected and noninfected human bone
145 Citations1988Amy L. Graziani, L A Lawson +3 more
In most patients the vancomycin levels in bones were higher than the MIC for susceptible staphylococci following single prophylactic doses, and in the few infected patients studied, penetration was variable and deserves further study.
Antimicrobial Agents and ChemotherapySuccessful therapy of experimental chronic foreign-body infection due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus by antimicrobial combinations
144 Citations1991Christian Chuard, Mathias Herrmann +3 more
In conclusion, antimicrobial combinations were highly effective and superior to single drugs in treating a chronic staphylococcal foreign-body infection for 3 weeks and appeared to be curative in most cases.
Antimicrobial Agents and ChemotherapyTreatment of experimental foreign body infection caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
141 Citations1990Jean‐Christophe Lucet, Mathias Herrmann +4 more
Regimens including rifampin alone or in combination with vancomycin or fleroxacin or flerschine were an effective treatment of foreign body infection due to methicillin-resistant S. aureus in reducing bacteria counts, but rifampsin monotherapy was compromised by significant emergence of resistance.
The LancetExcretion of ciprofloxacin in sweat and multiresistant Staphylococcus epidermidis
140 Citations1997Niels Høiby, Jens Otto Jarløv +6 more
The rapid development of resistance to ciprofloxacin due to excreted in apocrine and eccrine sweat of healthy individuals might be involved in the development of multiresistant S epidermidis and possibly other skin bacteria in hospitals and in communities with high use of ciprosine or related drugs.
Clinical Microbiology and InfectionThe VISA/GISA problem: therapeutic implications
140 Citations2001Josefina Liñares
Specific MRSA/GISA control programs, rational antibiotic policies, including the reduction of glycopeptide use, and rapid laboratory detection of GISA and h-GISA strains are the key measures in preventing the spread of these strains.
Clinical Infectious DiseasesGenesis of Methicillin‐Resistant<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>(MRSA), How Treatment of MRSA Infections Has Selected for Vancomycin‐Resistant<i>Enterococcus faecium,</i>and the Importance of Antibiotic Management and Infection Control
139 Citations1998Jerome J. Schentag, Judith M. Hyatt +5 more
It is necessary to deal with many resistance patterns by using the combined strategies of infection control and antibiotic management, including attention to dosing, so that serum concentrations of drug exceed the minimum inhibitory concentration, and antibiotic cycling.
Journal of Antimicrobial ChemotherapyGuidelines for the antibiotic treatment of endocarditis in adults: report of the Working Party of the British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy
139 Citations2004Thomas Elliott, J. Foweraker +3 more
The BSAC Guidelines on Endocarditis have been updated and extended to reflect changes in both the antibiotic resistance characteristics of causative organisms and the availability of new antibiotics.
Infection Control and Hospital EpidemiologyMupirocin-Resistant, Methicillin-Resistant<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>: Does Mupirocin Remain Effective?
136 Citations2003Elaine S. Walker, José E. Vasquez +3 more
Mupirocin was effective in eradicating MS MRSA, but strains of MR MRSA often persisted after treatment, which appeared to reflect treatment failure rather than exogenous recolonization.
Journal of Antimicrobial ChemotherapyTeicoplanin therapy for Staphylococcus aureus septicaemia: relationship between pre-dose serum concentrations and outcome
136 Citations2000Ian Harding, Alasdair MacGowan +3 more
The probability of successful treatment declined with age and increased with mean pre-dose serum concentration, and only two variables correlated with clinical outcome at a significance level better than 0.05.
…