Chapter 10 Role of fast axonal transport in regeneration of goldfish optic axons
Progress in brain researchPublished 1 January 1987
Bernice Grafstein, Donald W. Burmeister, Charlotte M. McGuinness, Gary W. Perry, Janet R. Sparrow
Citations18
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TL;DR
Evidence is provided that the goldfish optic tectum contains factors that can influence axonal outgrowth and possibly other aspects of optic nerve regeneration, and the possible role of the tECTum is investigated by determining the effects of removing the lobe of theTectum to which the regenerating axons normally project.
Abstract
Publisher Summary This chapter provides evidence that the goldfish optic tectum contains factors that can influence axonal outgrowth and possibly other aspects of optic nerve regeneration. It investigates the possible role of the tectum by determining the effects of removing the lobe of the tectum to which the regenerating axons normally project. The increased supply of material that is generated by goldfish retinal ganglion cells during regeneration is essential for the maintenance of axonal outgrowth. Although the normal level of transport is apparently adequate for the initiation of outgrowth and the first few days of elongation, a critical point is reached in about 8 days when this supply is no longer sufficient. The cell body reaction in these neurons involves the increased production of axonally transported proteins, but not necessarily the production of new proteins. The presence of the optic tectum influences not only the production of axonally transported proteins, but also their disposition in new axon segments. This influence is not effective to a significant degree, until after the regenerating axons have reached the tectum.
Keywords
Neuroscience
The Journal of Cell BiologyChanges in axonally transported proteins during axon regeneration in toad retinal ganglion cells.
494 Citations1981J. H. Pate Skene, Mark Willard
The modulation of these proteins after axotomy is consistent with the possibility that they are involve in growth-specific functions and that the altered expression of a small number of genes is a crucial regulatory event in the transition of a mature neuron to a growth state.
Journal of NeuroscienceIncreased transport of 44,000- to 49,000-dalton acidic proteins during regeneration of the goldfish optic nerve: a two-dimensional gel analysis
219 Citations1983Larry I. Benowitz, Lewis Er
Proteins synthesized in goldfish retinal ganglion cells and rapidly transported to the terminals of regenerating optic nerves were analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, indicating that the observed synthetic changes are accompanied by a net accumulation of the proteins.
Journal of NeuroscienceSpecific changes in rapidly transported proteins during regeneration of the goldfish optic nerve
212 Citations1981Larry I. Benowitz, VE Shashoua +1 more
Two studies indicate a continuously changing pattern in the synthesis and/or degradation of proteins that are rapidly transported down the optic nerve during regeneration and point to molecular species potential significance in the establishment of the visual map upon the brain.
Experimental NeurologyChanges in the morphology and amino acid incorporation of regenerating goldfish optic neurons
211 Citations1969Marion Murray, Bernice Grafstein
Morphologic and metabolic changes occurring in the retinal ganglion cells of goldfish after optic tract section and during the regeneration of new axons are described and it is concluded that the morphologic changes are indicative of an increased rate of protein synthesis by cells which are actively regenerating new axon.
Experimental NeurologyTransport of protein in goldfish optic nerve during regeneration
196 Citations1969Bernice Grafstein, Marion Murray
After the optic tract was cut in goldfish, transport of protein in the intact optic nerve segment attached to the eye was increased and the rate remained elevated for several weeks after the optic fibers had connected with the tectum.
Journal of NeuroscienceNerve growth cones isolated from fetal rat brain. III. Calcium- dependent protein phosphorylation
183 Citations1985Flora Katz, L Ellis +1 more
The presence of synaptic kinase activities in GCPs is consistent with their neuronal origin and may be involved in growth-related functions and/or may prepare the sprouting neuron for synaptic function.
The Journal of Cell BiologyEvidence that all newly synthesized proteins destined for fast axonal transport pass through the Golgi apparatus.
133 Citations1982Richard Hammerschlag, George C. Stone +3 more
Quantitative analyses of 48 individual fast-transported protein species, after separation by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, revealed that monensin depresses all proteins to a similar extent, indicating that passage through the Golgi apparatus is an obligatory step in the intracellular routing of materials destined for fast axonal transport.
Neurochemical ResearchProtein synthesis and transport in the regenerating goldfish visual system
109 Citations1982Anne M. Heacock, Bernard W. Agranoff
Analysis of proteins slowly transported to the optic tectum revealed changes following nerve crush similar to those observed in the retina, with enhanced labeling of both soluble and particulate tubulin and of 68–70K polypeptides.
Axonal Transport in Neuronal Growth and Regeneration
75 Citations1984John S. Elam, Paul Cancalon
Journal of NeuroscienceFast axonally transported proteins in regenerating goldfish optic axons
74 Citations1987GW Perry, DW Burmeister +1 more
On the basis of the time course of labeling in both original and new axon segments during regeneration, the fast-transported proteins were tentatively separated into 5 classes that may represent groups of proteins that are coregulated during regeneration.
ScienceTransported Proteins in the Regenerating Optic Nerve: Regulation by Interactions with the Optic Tectum
65 Citations1983Larry I. Benowitz, Myonggeun Yoon +1 more
The transport of specific proteins in regenerating optic fibers of goldfish depends on the presence or absence of the optic tectum, and amounts of rapidly transported proteins having molecular weights between 120,000 and 160,000 increased, and a species of molecular weight 26,000 reverted to normal levels.
Molecular Events in Axonal Regeneration
56 Citations1982Mark Willard, J. H. Pate Skene
It is concluded that certain information required for axon growth is encoded in the normal constituents of a quiescent axon, and certain aspects of axon Growth may be regulated by environmental information impinging directly on the normal constituent of the axon.
Journal of NeurochemistryChanges in Protein Content of Goldfish Optic Nerve During Degeneration and Regeneration Following Nerve Crush
55 Citations1985Gad Perry, Donald W. Burmeister +1 more
After the goldfish optic nerve was crushed, the total amount of protein in the nerve decreased by about 45% within 1 week as the axons degenerated, began to recover between 2 and 5 weeks as axonal regeneration occurred, and had returned to nearly normal by 12 weeks.
Brain ResearchProtein synthesis and fast axonal transport in regenerating goldfish retinal ganglion cells
55 Citations1982Irvine G. McQuarrie, Bernice Grafstein
An increase in fast transport velocity was seen in the regenerating axons beginning at 10 days after the lesion, however, a similar velocity increase was alsoseen in the contralateral control axons and in undamaged axons following removal of the cerebral hemispheres, therefore, the velocity increasewas not a specific consequence of axotomy.
Journal of NeurochemistryElectrophoretic Analysis of Axonally Transported Proteins in Toad Retinal Ganglion Cells
35 Citations1981J. H. Pate Skene, Mark Willard
The retinal ganglion cells of the toad Bufo marinus are established as a model system in which changes in gene expression related to regeneration may be studied and it is shown that the organization and many aspects of the composition of axonal transport in retinal Ganglion Cells have been conserved in animals as unrelated as amphibians and mammals.
Brain ResearchRemoval of optic tectum prolongs the cell body reaction to axotomy in goldfish retinal ganglion cells
28 Citations1985Donald W. Burmeister, Bernice Grafstein
Injury to the optic axons of goldfish elicits dramatic changes in the cell bodies of the neurons from which these axons arise, the retinal ganglion cells, which include a large increase in cell size and in synthesis and axonal transport of protein.
Brain ResearchStages of axonal regeneration following optic nerve crush in goldfish: contrasting effects of conditioning nerve lesions and intraocular acetoxycycloheximide injections
12 Citations1985Irvine G. McQuarrie
When a protein synthesis inhibitor was injected into the right eye daily from the 5th through 9th day after a testing lesion, the injected side lagged 1-2 stages behind the contralateral control side in nerves examined on the 10th day.