ON GOING BACK TO NATURE: A REVIEW OF SELIGMAN AND HAGER'S BIOLOGICAL BOUNDARIES OF LEARNING<sup>1</sup>
Journal of the Experimental Analysis of BehaviorPublished 1 January 1974Open access
Barry Schwartz
Citations231
SJR quartileQ2
SJR score0.94
SNIP0.97
Generate an AI Snapshot to get a quick, structured summary of this paper.
Study Snapshot
ObjectiveStudy objective
MethodsResearch methodology
PopulationPopulation studied
Sample sizeSample sizes
OutcomesStudy outcomes here
ResultsStudy results comes here
LimitationsResearch study limitations comes here
A concise AI-generated summary of the paper will appear here once you click Generate AI Snapshot.
Keywords
PsychologyMathematics
Contemporary Sociology A Journal of ReviewsBeyond Freedom and Dignity.
3,557 Citations1972Robert Boguslaw, B. F. Skinner
Psychonomic ScienceRelation of cue to consequence in avoidance learning
1,986 Citations1966John García, R. A. Koelling
An audiovisual stimulus was made contingent upon the rat’s licking at the water spout, thus making it analogous with a gustatory stimulus, which apparently stimuli are selected as cues dependent upon the nature of the subsequent reinforcer.
Psychological ReviewOn the generality of the laws of learning.
1,729 Citations1970Martin E. P. Seligman
A review of data from the traditional learning paradigms shows that the assumption of equivalent associability is false: in classical conditioning, rats are prepared to associate tastes with illness even over very long delays of reinforcement, but are contraprepared to associated tastes with footshock.
Behavior TherapyPhobias and preparedness
1,600 Citations1971Martin E. P. Seligman
An analysis of phobias using a more contemporary model of fear conditioning is proposed, and a reconstruction of the notion of symbolism is suggested.
Psychological ReviewSpecies-specific defense reactions and avoidance learning.
1,600 Citations1970Robert C. Bolles
This paper suggests some alternative concepts, starting with the assumption that animals have innate species-specific defense reactions (SSDRs) such as fleeing, freezing, and fighting, and proposes that if a particular avoidance response is rapidly acquired, then that response must necessarily be an SSDR.
ScienceTeaching Sign Language to a Chimpanzee
1,564 Citations1969Rod Gardner, Beatrice T. Gardner
The protein encoded by Nup160 directly interacts with that of another hybrid lethality gene, Nup96, indicating that at least two lethal hybrid incompatibility genes have evolved as byproducts of divergent coevolution among interacting components of the Drosophila nuclear pore complex.
Journal of the Experimental Analysis of BehaviorAUTO‐SHAPING OF THE PIGEON'S KEY‐PECK<sup>1</sup>
1,550 Citations1968Paul Brown, Herbert M. Jenkins
Reliable acquisition of the pigeon's key-peck response resulted from repeated unconditional (response-independent) presentations of food after the response key was illuminated momentarily.
American PsychologistThe misbehavior of organisms.
1,187 Citations1961Keller Breland, Marian Breland
It might be of some interest to the psychologist to know how the battle is going and to learn something about the nature of the adversary he is likely to meet if and when he tackles new species in new learning situations.
Psychological ReviewThe "supersitition" experiment: A reexamination of its implications for the principles of adaptive behavior.
1,060 Citations1971J. E. R. Staddon, Virginia L. Simmelhag
The proposed theoretical scheme represents a shift away from hypothetical "laws of learning" toward an interpretation of behavioral change in terms of interaction and competition among tendencies to action according to principles evolved in phylogeny.
Psychonomic ScienceLearning with prolonged delay of reinforcement
752 Citations1966John García, Frank R. Ervin +1 more
Gustatory aversions, induced in rats by conditionally pairing a distinctive flavor with a noxious drug, were readily established even when injections were delayed an hour or more, suggesting a function of the specific effects of the reinforcer on the organism.
Journal of the Experimental Analysis of BehaviorAUTO‐MAINTENANCE IN THE PIGEON: SUSTAINED PECKING DESPITE CONTINGENT NON‐REINFORCEMENT<sup>2</sup>
719 Citations1969David R. Williams, Harriet G. Williams
The results indicate that pecking can be established and maintained by certain stimulus-reinforcer relationships, independent of explicit or adventitious contingencies between response and reinforcer.
The Journal of General PsychologyThe Generic Nature of the Concepts of Stimulus and Response
602 Citations1935B. F. Skinner
Journal of the Experimental Analysis of BehaviorTHE FORM OF THE AUTO‐SHAPED RESPONSE WITH FOOD OR WATER REINFORCERS<sup>1</sup>
493 Citations1973H. M. Jenkins, Bruce Moore
The role of association between a stimulus and a reinforcer in producing a resemblance of the auto-shaped response to the consummatory response is demonstrated.
ScienceIllness-Induced Aversions in Rat and Quail: Relative Salience of Visual and Gustatory Cues
324 Citations1971Hardy C. Wilcoxon, William B. Dragoin +1 more
Bobwhite quail, like the rat, learn in one trial to avoid flavored water when illness is induced by a drug � 12 hour after drinking.
ScienceCelestial Rotation: Its Importance in the Development of Migratory Orientation
271 Citations1970Stephen T. Emlen
Three groups of indigo buntings were hand-raised in various conditions of visual isolation from celestial cues to suggest a maturation process in which stellar cues come to be associated with a directional reference system provided by the axis of celestial rotation.
Journal of the Experimental Analysis of BehaviorTHE MAINTENANCE OF KEY PECKING BY STIMULUS‐CONTINGENT AND RESPONSE‐INDEPENDENT FOOD PRESENTATION
215 Citations1973Elkan Gamzu, Barry Schwartz
Three naive pigeons were exposed to a series of two-component multiple schedules of response-independent food presentation, and it is suggested that the high rates of key pecking were maintained not by adventitious response-reinforcer contingencies, but by differential contingencies between the stimulus (keylight) and food.
ScienceOn Explaining Language
170 Citations1969Eric H. Lenneberg
The development of language in the child may be elucidated by applying to it the conceptual framework of developmental biology, and the schema of physical maturation is applicable to the study of language development.
ScienceClassical Conditioning of a Complex Skeletal Response
155 Citations1971Elkan Gamzu, David R. Williams
The pigeon's so-called "arbitrary" response of pecking an illuminated disk can be established and maintained by procedures resembling those of classical conditioning, and is shown to be independent of the specific signaling relationships between illumination of the pecking disk and presentation of food.
Psychonomic ScienceCue properties vs palatability of flavors in avoidance learning
139 Citations1970John García, Richard Kovner +1 more
Journal of the Experimental Analysis of BehaviorTWO DIFFERENT KINDS OF KEY PECK IN THE PIGEON: SOME PROPERTIES OF RESPONSES MAINTAINED BY NEGATIVE AND POSITIVE RESPONSE‐REINFORCER CONTINGENCIES<sup>1</sup>
89 Citations1972Barry Schwartz, David R. Williams
It is proposed that short-duration pecks arise from the pigeon's normal feeding pattern and are directly enhanced by food presentation, while long- duration pecks are controlled by the contingent effects of food presentation.
Journal of the Experimental Analysis of BehaviorTHE ROLE OF THE RESPONSE‐REINFORCER CONTINGENCY IN NEGATIVE AUTOMAINTENANCE<sup>1</sup>
80 Citations1972Barry Schwartz, David R. Williams
This experiment demonstrated that pigeons are sensitive to a negative response-reinforcer contingency, even though it does not eliminate responding, and responded substantially more on the non-contingent key than on the negative key.
Journal of the Experimental Analysis of BehaviorESCAPE AND AVOIDANCE OF SHOCK BY PIGEONS PECKING A KEY
75 Citations1969Philip N. Hineline, Howard Rachlin
Pigeons trained to peck a key when each peck removed a slowly increasing series of electric shocks were gradually weaned from this procedure to one where intense shocks were presented suddenly, duplicating features that had proved ineffective for initial shaping of the response.
Journal of the Experimental Analysis of BehaviorMAINTENANCE OF KEY PECKING BY RESPONSE‐INDEPENDENT FOOD PRESENTATION: THE ROLE OF THE MODALITY OF THE SIGNAL FOR FOOD<sup>1</sup>
49 Citations1973Barry Schwartz
It is suggested that for pigeons, pre-experimental relationships exist among food, visual stimuli, and pecking, and that a similar relationship, which includes auditory stimuli, must be induced in the laboratory.
ScienceQualitative versus Directional Cues in Two Forms of Differentiation
46 Citations1966C Dobrzecka, G Szwejkowska +1 more
An animal's success or failure in a given differentiation procedure depends not only on its ability to discriminate the stimuli but also on the task with which it is confronted.
Psychonomic ScienceAcquired fear, brightness preference, and one-way shuttlebox performance
42 Citations1967James P. Allison, Daniel J. Larson +1 more
Journal of the Experimental Analysis of BehaviorAUTOSHAPING OF KEY PECKING IN PIGEONS WITH NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT<sup>2</sup>
40 Citations1969Howard Rachlin
Pigeons exposed to gradually increasing intensities of pulsing electric shock pecked a key and thereby reduced the intensity of shock to zero for 2 min and revealed little evidence of orientation toward the key.
Journal of the Experimental Analysis of BehaviorDISCRETE‐TRIALS SPACED RESPONDING IN THE PIGEON: THE DEPENDENCE OF EFFICIENT PERFORMANCE ON THE AVAILABILITY OF A STIMULUS FOR COLLATERAL PECKING<sup>1</sup>
34 Citations1971Barry Schwartz, David R. Williams
It was suggested that pigeons may successfully refrain from responding on the spacing procedure only when another stimulus correlated with reinforcement is available for pecking, and that the form that collateral behavior takes may, in general, be non-arbitrary, and species dependent.
Psychonomic ScienceA comparison of learning based on social or nonsocial discriminative stimuli
11 Citations1970Vaughn E. Stimbert
Results indicated that social responses were learned faster and were more durable under extinction conditions than were responses based on nonsocial stimuli.
Bulletin of the Psychonomic SocietyA failure to transfer control of keypecking from food reinforcement to escape from and avoidance of shock
5 Citations1973Barry Schwartz, Geoffrey Coulter