Ethnic and Racial Identity in Adolescence: Implications for Psychosocial, Academic, and Health Outcomes
Child DevelopmentPublished 1 January 2014Open access
Deborah Rivas‐Drake, Eleanor K. Seaton, Carol A. Markstrom, Stephen M. Quintana, Moin Syed, Richard M. Lee
Citations811
Generate an AI Snapshot to get a quick, structured summary of this paper.
Study Snapshot
ObjectiveStudy objective
MethodsResearch methodology
PopulationPopulation studied
Sample sizeSample sizes
OutcomesStudy outcomes here
ResultsStudy results comes here
LimitationsResearch study limitations comes here
A concise AI-generated summary of the paper will appear here once you click Generate AI Snapshot.
TL;DR
This review summarizes research on links between ethnic and racial identity (ERI) with psychosocial, academic, and health risk outcomes among ethnic minority adolescents and makes suggestions for future research on ERI among minority youth.
Abstract
The construction of an ethnic or racial identity is considered an important developmental milestone for youth of color. This review summarizes research on links between ethnic and racial identity (ERI) with psychosocial, academic, and health risk outcomes among ethnic minority adolescents. With notable exceptions, aspects of ERI are generally associated with adaptive outcomes. ERI are generally beneficial for African American adolescents' adjustment across all three domains, whereas the evidence is somewhat mixed for Latino and American Indian youth. There is a dearth of research for academic and health risk outcomes among Asian American and Pacific Islander adolescents. The review concludes with suggestions for future research on ERI among minority youth.
Keywords
PsychologySocial Sciences
Racial Formation in the United States: From the 1960s to the 1990s
6,245 Citations1994Michael Omi, Howard Winant
Journal of Adolescent ResearchThe Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure
3,770 Citations1992Jean S. Phinney
Latent Class and Latent Transition Analysis: With Applications in the Social, Behavioral, and Health Sciences
2,574 Citations2009Linda M. Collins, Stephanie T. Lanza
Child DevelopmentAn Integrative Model for the Study of Developmental Competencies in Minority Children
2,351 Citations1996Cynthia García Coll, Gontran Lamberty +5 more
An integrative conceptual model of child development is presented, anchored within social stratification theory, emphasizing the importance of racism, prejudice, discrimination, oppression, and segregation on the development of minority children and families.
American PsychologistRethinking the concept of acculturation: Implications for theory and research.
2,186 Citations2010Seth J. Schwartz, Jennifer B. Unger +2 more
An expanded operationalization of acculturation is needed to address the "immigrant paradox," whereby international migrants with more exposure to the receiving cultural context report poorer mental and physical health outcomes.
Journal of Counseling PsychologyConceptualization and measurement of ethnic identity: Current status and future directions.
2,051 Citations2007Jean S. Phinney, Anthony D. Ong
Personality and Social Psychology ReviewMultidimensional Model of Racial Identity: A Reconceptualization of African American Racial Identity
1,730 Citations1998Robert M. Sellers, Mia Smith Bynum +3 more
It is argued that the MMRI has the potential to make contributions to traditional research objectives of both approaches, as well as to provide the impetus to explore new questions.
Child DevelopmentEthnic and Racial Identity During Adolescence and Into Young Adulthood: An Integrated Conceptualization
1,205 Citations2014Adriana J. Umaña‐Taylor, Stephen M. Quintana +8 more
A metaconstruct is proposed to capture experiences that reflect both individuals' ethnic background and their racialized experiences in a specific sociohistorical context and presents milestones in the development of ERI across developmental periods.
The Journal of Early AdolescenceThe Structure of Ethnic Identity of Young Adolescents from Diverse Ethnocultural Groups
1,141 Citations1999Robert E. Roberts, Jean S. Phinney +4 more
American PsychologistWhen we talk about American ethnic groups, what do we mean?
1,115 Citations1996Jean S. Phinney
Journal of PersonalityThe Influence of Ethnic Discrimination and Ethnic Identification on African American adolescents' School and Socioemotional Adjustment
996 Citations2003Carol Wong, Jacquelynne S. Eccles +1 more
A strong, positive connection to one's ethnic group (the authors' measure of ethnic identity) reduced the magnitude of the association of racial discrimination experiences with declines in academic self-concepts, school achievement, and perception of friends' positive characteristics.
Developmental PsychologyTrajectories of perceived adult and peer discrimination among Black, Latino, and Asian American adolescents: Patterns and psychological correlates.
958 Citations2006Melissa L. Greene, Niobe Way +1 more
Journal of Research on AdolescenceRacial Identity Matters: The Relationship between Racial Discrimination and Psychological Functioning in African American Adolescents
837 Citations2006Robert M. Sellers, Nikeea Copeland‐Linder +2 more
Journal of Counseling PsychologyEthnic identity and personal well-being of people of color: A meta-analysis.
774 Citations2010Timothy B. Smith, Lynda Silva
Data from 184 studies analyzed with random effects models yielded an omnibus effect size of r = .17, suggesting a modest relationship between the 2 constructs of ethnic identity and personal well-being among people of color in North America.
Journal of Youth and AdolescenceEthnic and American Identity as Predictors of Self-Esteem Among African American, Latino, and White Adolescents
729 Citations1997Jean S. Phinney, Cindy Lou Cantu +1 more
Journal of AdolescenceLatino adolescents’ mental health: Exploring the interrelations among discrimination, ethnic identity, cultural orientation, self‐esteem, and depressive symptoms
640 Citations2006Adriana J. Umaña‐Taylor, Kimberly A. Updegraff
Results indicated that various aspects of the self (i.e. self-esteem, ethnic identity, cultural orientations) can protect and/or enhance the risks associated with discrimination.
IdentityDeveloping the Ethnic Identity Scale Using Eriksonian and Social Identity Perspectives
603 Citations2004Adriana J. Umaña‐Taylor, Ani Yazedjian +1 more
American PsychologistThe meaning of race in psychology and how to change it: A methodological perspective.
578 Citations2005Janet E. Helms, Maryam M. Jernigan +1 more
Child Development PerspectivesThe Promise of Racial and Ethnic Protective Factors in Promoting Ethnic Minority Youth Development
571 Citations2012Enrique W. Neblett, Deborah Rivas‐Drake +1 more
The Multiracial Experience: Racial Borders as the New Frontier
530 Citations1996Maria P. P. Root
Child DevelopmentRacial Identity and Academic Attainment Among African American Adolescents
528 Citations2003Tabbye M. Chavous, Debra H. Bernat +4 more
The paper includes a discussion on the need to consider variation in how minority youth think about group membership in better understanding their academic development.
Developmental PsychologyThe development of ethnic identity during adolescence.
511 Citations2006Sabine Elizabeth French, Edward Seidman +2 more
The course of ethnic identity development during early and middle adolescence, the role of school context, and the variability in developmental trajectories among racial and ethnic groups are discussed.
Development and PsychopathologyDiscrimination, crime, ethnic identity, and parenting as correlates of depressive symptoms among African American children: A multilevel analysis
484 Citations2002Ronald L. Simons, Velma McBride Murry +4 more
The findings underscore the importance of considering factors unique to the everyday lives of the cultural group that is the focus of study, while demonstrating the dangers of a “one model fits all” approach to studying children of color.
Phenomenology and Ecological Systems Theory: Development of Diverse Groups
484 Citations2007Margaret Beale Spencer
Developmental PsychologyGender matters, too: The influences of school racial discrimination and racial identity on academic engagement outcomes among African American adolescents.
466 Citations2008Tabbye M. Chavous, Deborah Rivas‐Drake +3 more
Gender differences in peer and classroom discrimination and in the impact of earlier and later discrimination experiences on academic outcomes are found and the need to consider interactions of individual- and contextual-level factors in better understanding African American youths' academic and social development is discussed.
Applied and Preventive PsychologyChildren's developmental understanding of ethnicity and race
397 Citations1998Stephen M. Quintana
Journal of Counseling PsychologyCritical issues in the measurement of ethnic and racial identity: A referendum on the state of the field.
372 Citations2007Kevin Cokley
Child DevelopmentFeeling Good, Happy, and Proud: A Meta-Analysis of Positive Ethnic–Racial Affect and Adjustment
354 Citations2014Deborah Rivas‐Drake, Moin Syed +6 more
The overall pattern of results suggests that positive ethnic-racial affect exhibited small to medium associations with depressive symptoms, positive social functioning, self-esteem, well-being, internalizing, externalizing, academic achievement, academic attitudes, and health risk outcomes among ethnic and racial minority youth.
Journal of Personality and Social PsychologyThe relationship between racial identity and self-esteem in African American college and high school students.
346 Citations1998Stephanie J. Rowley, Robert M. Sellers +2 more
Racial centrality moderated the relationship between private regard and PSE in both samples, such that the relationship was significant for those with high levels of centrality but nonsignificant for thoseWith low levels.
American PsychologistPride, prejudice, and ambivalence: Toward a unified theory of race and ethnicity.
324 Citations2008Hazel Rose Markus
The article first examines the field's unclear definitions and faulty assumptions, and offers an integrated definition of race and ethnicity--dynamic sets of historically derived and institutionalized ideas and practices--while noting that race, although often used interchangeably with ethnicity, indexes an asymmetry of power and privilege between groups.
Psychological BulletinPerspectives and Research on the Positive and Negative Implications of Having Multiple Racial Identities.
316 Citations2005Margaret Shih, Diana T. Sanchez
Qualitative and quantitative empirical research examining multiracial individuals' identity development, depression, problem behaviors, peer relationships, school performance, and self-esteem is reviewed, finding support for detrimental outcomes only in studies sampling clinical populations.
Child DevelopmentLongitudinal Trajectories of Ethnic Identity Among Urban Black and Latino Adolescents
315 Citations2006Kerstin Pahl, Niobe Way
No uniform growth pattern in affirmation was found and Black and Latino adolescents displayed equally high levels of affirmation over time and an average quadratic trajectory of ethnic identity exploration characterized by decelerating levels of exploration after 10th grade was identified.
Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority PsychologyReceived ethnic–racial socialization messages and youths’ academic and behavioral outcomes: Examining the mediating role of ethnic identity and self-esteem.
307 Citations2009Diane Hughes, Dawn P. Witherspoon +2 more
Relationships of preparation for bias to youth outcomes were generally stronger for White compared with African American youths, and the risks and benefits of different socialization messages for youths in various ecological contexts are discussed.
Journal of Applied Social PsychologyThe Impact of Multiple Dimensions of Ethnic Identity on Discrimination and Adolescents’ Self‐Estees
283 Citations2003Andrea J. Romero, Robert E. Roberts
Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority PsychologyEthnic identity and acculturation in Hispanic early adolescents: Mediated relationships to academic grades, prosocial behaviors, and externalizing symptoms.
269 Citations2007Seth J. Schwartz, Byron L. Zamboanga +1 more
Results indicated that relationships of ethnic identity to academic grades and to externalizing symptoms were mediated by self-esteem and that both U.S. and Hispanic acculturation orientations were directly associated with prosocial behavior.
Child DevelopmentDaily Variation in Ethnic Identity, Ethnic Behaviors, and Psychological Well–Being among American Adolescents of Chinese Descent
268 Citations2002Tiffany Yip, Andrew J. Fuligni
Among adolescents who were moderate or high in global ethnic identity, ethnic identity salience was consistently associated with positive well-being at the daily level, and the daily association was less strong for youths who were low in ethnic identity.
Child DevelopmentRacial-Ethnic Identity in Mid-Adolescence: Content and Change as Predictors of Academic Achievement
264 Citations2006Inna Altschul, Daphna Oyserman +1 more
Three aspects of racial-ethnic identity (REI)-feeling connected to one's racial- ethnic group (Connectedness), being aware that others may not value the in-group (Awareness of Racism), and feeling that one's in- group is characterized by academic attainment (Embedded Achievement) were hypothesized to promote academic achievement.
The Journal of Social PsychologySkin Color as a Factor in Racial Identification of Negro Preschool Children
248 Citations1940Kenneth B. Clark, Mamie K. Clark
International Journal of Behavioral DevelopmentCan racial identity be promotive of academic efficacy?
238 Citations2001Daphna Oyserman, Kathy Harrison +1 more
Child DevelopmentContextual Influences on Latino Adolescent Ethnic Identity and Academic Outcomes
234 Citations2006Andrew J. Supple, Sharon R. Ghazarian +3 more
The findings suggested that family ethnic socialization was directly associated with exploration and resolution, but not ethnic affirmation, and that ethnic affirmation was positively associated with teacher reports of school performance.
Journal of Youth and AdolescenceExamining Ethnic Identity and Self-Esteem Among Biracial and Monoracial Adolescents
227 Citations2004Jeana Bracey, Mayra Y. Bámaca‐Colbert +1 more
Journal of Youth and AdolescenceAfrican American Adolescents’ Future Education Orientation: Associations with Self-efficacy, Ethnic Identity, and Perceived Parental Support
221 Citations2007Jennifer L. Kerpelman, Suna Eryigit +1 more
Applied Developmental ScienceSociocultural Factors and School Engagement Among African American Youth: The Roles of Racial Discrimination, Racial Socialization, and Ethnic Identity
216 Citations2009Aryn M. Dotterer, Susan M. McHale +1 more
Investigation of the links between racial discrimination and school engagement and the roles of racial socialization and ethnic identity as protective factors in those linkages revealed that discrimination was negatively related to school self-esteem and school bonding.
American Journal of Community PsychologyRisk and Resiliency Factors Influencing Suicidality Among Urban African American and Latino Youth
215 Citations2004Lydia O’Donnell, Carl R. O’Donnell +2 more
For decades, suicide rates among minority African American and Latino young people have been stable and, when compared with Whites, relatively low, but this is no longer the case, underscoring the need for documenting and understanding the problem of suicidality in this population.
Journal of Research on AdolescenceDiscrimination and Adjustment for Mexican American Adolescents: A Prospective Examination of the Benefits of Culturally Related Values
213 Citations2010Cady Berkel, George P. Knight +5 more
This study examined two possible mechanisms by which Mexican American values may support positive outcomes in the context of discrimination; as a protective factor (moderator) or risk reducer (mediator).
Developmental PsychologyOnline racial discrimination and the protective function of ethnic identity and self-esteem for African American adolescents.
200 Citations2012Brendesha M. Tynes, Adriana J. Umaña‐Taylor +3 more
Findings show that ethnic identity and self-esteem can buffer the negative mental health outcomes associated with online racial discrimination, at least with respect to adolescents' anxiety.
Child DevelopmentRacial Identity, Maternal Support, and Psychological Distress among African American Adolescents
198 Citations2002Cleopatra H. Caldwell, Marc A. Zimmerman +3 more
Study findings suggest that the significance and meaning that African American adolescents attribute to being Black may be critical to their psychological well-being, and that maternal support and perceived stress are important considerations.
Journal of Youth and AdolescenceA Closer Look at Peer Discrimination, Ethnic Identity, and Psychological Well-being Among Urban Chinese American Sixth Graders
196 Citations2007Deborah Rivas‐Drake, Diane Hughes +1 more
Journal of Counseling PsychologySome better practices for measuring racial and ethnic identity constructs.
194 Citations2007Janet E. Helms
Urban EducationFuture Time Perspective, Hope, and Ethnic Identity Among African American Adolescents
193 Citations2008Detris Honora Adelabu
Child DevelopmentLatino Adolescents’ Ethnic Identity: Is There a Developmental Progression and Does Growth in Ethnic Identity Predict Growth in Self-Esteem?
180 Citations2009Adriana J. Umaña‐Taylor, Melinda Gonzales‐Backen +1 more
Findings from multiple-group latent growth curve models revealed that exploration, resolution, and affirmation all increased significantly from middle to late adolescence for Latina girls and for Latino boys, only affirmation increased significantly.
Journal of Career DevelopmentThe Relationship Among Support, Ethnic Identity, Career Decision Self-Efficacy, and Outcome Expectations in African American High School Students
174 Citations2006George V. Gushue, Melissa L. Whitson
Journal of Educational PsychologyPromoting academic achievement: The role of racial identity in buffering perceptions of teacher discrimination on academic achievement among African American and Caribbean Black adolescents.
170 Citations2009Oseela Thomas, Cleopatra H. Caldwell +2 more
American Journal of Community PsychologyRacial Identity, Parental Support, and Alcohol Use in a Sample of Academically At‐Risk African American High School Students
162 Citations2004Cleopatra H. Caldwell, Robert M. Sellers +2 more
Multivariate results showed that private regard and father support were associated with less self-reported alcohol use after partialling out the effects of age and gender.
Journal of Social IssuesFitting In: The Roles of Social Acceptance and Discrimination in Shaping the Academic Motivations of Latino Youth in the U.S. Southeast
160 Citations2010Krista M. Perreira, Andrew J. Fuligni +1 more
It is found that Latino youth in North Carolina are more academically motivated than their peers in Los Angeles, partially because they are more likely to be immigrants.
Child DevelopmentThe Status Model of Racial Identity Development in African American Adolescents: Evidence of Structure, Trajectories, and Well-Being
156 Citations2006Eleanor K. Seaton, Krista Maywalt Scottham +1 more
The results generally support the assumption that individuals in the achieved status had the highest levels of psychological well-being at both time periods.
Substance Use & MisuseEthnicity and Ethnic Identity as Predictors of Drug Norms and Drug Use Among Preadolescents in the US Southwest
155 Citations2004Flavio F. Marsiglia, Stephen Kulis +2 more
Positive ethnic identity was associated with less substance use and stronger antidrug norms in the sample overall, and the apparently protective effects of positive ethnic identity were generally stronger for non-Hispanic White respondents (a numerical minority group in this sample) than for members of ethnic minority groups.
Journal of Adolescent ResearchEthnic Identity and Psychological Adjustment:
151 Citations2004Miwa Yasui, Carole LaRue Dorham +1 more
Journal of Research on AdolescenceLongitudinal Trajectories of Ethnic Identity During the College Years
150 Citations2009Moin Syed, Margarita Azmitia
Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority PsychologyA two-factor model of ethnic identity exploration: Implications for identity coherence and well-being.
148 Citations2013Moin Syed, Lovey H. M. Walker +6 more
Investigation of the multidimensional nature of ethnic identity exploration and its relevance for a broader sense of identity and well-being indicated that participation was positively associated withWell-being, whereas search was negatively associated withwell-being.
Child DevelopmentThe Effects of Changes in Racial Identity and Self-Esteem on Changes in African American Adolescents’ Mental Health
146 Citations2009Jelani Mandara, Noni K. Gaylord‐Harden +2 more
It was concluded that racial identity may be as important as self-esteem to the mental health of African American adolescents, and it explains variance in their mental health not associated with feelings of oneself as an individual.
Journal of Research on AdolescenceEthnic Labels and Ethnic Identity as Predictors of Drug Use among Middle School Students in the Southwest
143 Citations2001Flavio F. Marsiglia, Stephen Kulis +1 more
The Journal of Primary PreventionAcculturation and Substance Use Among Hispanic Early Adolescents: Investigating the Mediating Roles of Acculturative Stress and Self-Esteem
139 Citations2009Byron L. Zamboanga, Seth J. Schwartz +2 more
It is concluded that prevention programs designed to address precocious substance use that incorporate a self-esteem building component could prove useful among Hispanic early adolescents residing in monocultural contexts within the United States.
Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority PsychologyLinking parental socialization to interpersonal protective processes, academic self-presentation, and expectations among rural African American youth.
132 Citations2009Velma McBride Murry, Cady Berkel +3 more
The results highlight the need to disaggregate racial and ethnic socialization to attain a better understanding of the ways in which these parenting domains uniquely forecast youth self-pride and academic orientation.
Developmental PsychologyConcurrent and longitudinal effects of ethnic identity and experiences of discrimination on psychosocial adjustment of Navajo adolescents.
132 Citations2010Reneé V. Galliher, Matthew D. Jones +1 more
Interaction effects assessing the moderating influence of ethnic and cultural identification on negative links between discrimination and psychosocial functioning suggested that embeddedness in and connection to Navajo culture and, in some cases, connection to White American culture, served as a buffer to the negative effects of discrimination experiences.
Gifted Child QuarterlyEthnic Identity, Academic Achievement, and Global Self-Concept in Four Groups of Academically Talented Adolescents
128 Citations2007Frank C. Worrell
Child DevelopmentMethodological Issues in Ethnic and Racial Identity Research With Ethnic Minority Populations: Theoretical Precision, Measurement Issues, and Research Designs
127 Citations2014Seth J. Schwartz, Moin Syed +6 more
This article takes stock of research methods employed in the study of racial and ethnic identity with ethnic minority populations and suggests suggestions for future research addressing key methodological limitations when studying ERI.
Social Work ResearchEthnic pride, biculturalism, and drug use norms of urban American Indian adolescents
124 Citations2002Stephen Kulis, Maria Napoli +1 more
Regression analysis of self-reports by American Indian seventh graders attending middle schools in a large southwestern U.S. city indicated that students who had a more intense sense of ethnic pride adhered more strongly to certain antidrug norms than those who did not.
Journal of AdolescenceEthnic identity and gender as moderators of the association between discrimination and academic adjustment among Mexican‐origin adolescents
123 Citations2011Adriana J. Umaña‐Taylor, Jessie J. Wong +2 more
Examination of longitudinal associations among perceived discrimination and three indices of adolescent adjustment in the school setting indicated that the deleterious effects of discrimination on adolescents' adjustment in school were particularly salient for Mexican-origin male adolescents.
Journal of Youth and AdolescenceRacial Identity and Academic Achievement in the Neighborhood Context: A Multilevel Analysis
115 Citations2009Christy M. Byrd, Tabbye M. Chavous
The authors discuss the need to take youth’s contexts into account in order to understand how racial identity is active in the lives of African American youth.
Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority PsychologyAcculturative dissonance, ethnic identity, and youth violence.
115 Citations2008Thao N. Le, Gary D. Stockdale
The results revealed in a sample of 329 Chinese, Cambodian, Mien/Laotian, and Vietnamese youth that acculturative dissonance was significantly predictive of serious violence, with full mediation through peer delinquency.
Journal of Black PsychologyAn Evaluation of Sisters of Nia: A Cultural Program for African American Girls
113 Citations2004Faye Z. Belgrave, Melba C. Reed +4 more
Sex RolesBlack Adolescent Girls: Do Gender Role and Racial Identity: Impact Their Self-Esteem?
111 Citations2005Tamara R. Buckley, Robert T. Carter
Merrill-Palmer QuarterlyEthnic Identity, Acculturation, Parenting Beliefs, and Adolescent Adjustment: A Comparison of Asian Indian and European American Families
109 Citations2007JoAnn M. Farver, Yiyuan Xu +3 more
Developmental PsychologyEthnicity and gender in late childhood and early adolescence: Group identity and awareness of bias.
107 Citations2011Christia Spears Brown, Basirat O. Alabi +2 more
Overall, more children were aware of gender bias than ethnic bias, and children who had a salient and important gender identity, and a devalued ethnic identity, were less likely than other children to be aware of ethnic bias.
PubMedEthnic identity as a predictor of problem behaviors among Korean American adolescents.
107 Citations2004Eunai Shrake, Siyon Rhee
The results indicated that level of ethnic identity, perceived discrimination, and academic performance were significant predictors of both internalizing and externalizing problems among Korean American adolescents.
European Journal of Social PsychologyThe relation between ethnic group attachment and prosocial tendencies: The mediating role of cultural values
106 Citations2010Brian E. Armenta, George P. Knight +2 more
Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority PsychologyPerceived racial discrimination and racial identity profiles among African American adolescents.
105 Citations2009Eleanor K. Seaton
The racial identity profiles moderated the relation between perceptions ofracial discrimination and psychological well-being such that perceptions of racial discrimination were linked to higher levels of depressive symptoms for Alienated youth but not for Buffering/Defensive or Idealized youth.
International Journal of Intercultural RelationsA model of ethnic perspective-taking ability applied to Mexican-American children and youth
104 Citations1994Stephen M. Quintana
Handbook of race, racism, and the developing child
100 Citations2008Stephen M. Quintana, Clark McKown
Drug and Alcohol DependenceSubstance use and sexual behavior among recent Hispanic immigrant adolescents: Effects of parent–adolescent differential acculturation and communication
97 Citations2012Seth J. Schwartz, Jennifer B. Unger +8 more
Effects of parent-adolescent acculturation gaps vary across Hispanic groups and receiving contexts, and prevention efforts might encourage Hispanic youth both to retain their culture of origin and to acquire American culture.
Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority PsychologyMulticulturalism as a dimension of school climate: The impact on the academic achievement of Asian American and Hispanic youth.
93 Citations2010Janet Chang, Thao N. Le
It is suggested that fostering a school climate supportive of multiculturalism may improve empathy toward ethnic out-groups, and schools that promote compassion and tolerance for diverse ethnic groups may achieve better academic outcomes among Hispanic youth.
Child DevelopmentThe Moderating Capacity of Racial Identity Between Perceived Discrimination and Psychological Well-Being Over Time Among African American Youth
92 Citations2011Eleanor K. Seaton, Enrique W. Neblett +3 more
The results indicated that African American adolescents who reported higher psychological responses to discrimination frequency levels at the first time point had lower initial levels of well-being.
Addictive BehaviorsCulture and environment as predictors of alcohol abuse/dependence symptoms in American Indian youths
91 Citations2007Mansoo Yu, Arlene Rubin Stiffman
Examination of Bronfenbrenner's ecological model showed that family members' substance problems, peer misbehaviors, and participation in generic cultural activities positively predicted adolescent alcohol symptoms, while cultural pride/spirituality predicted fewer alcohol symptoms.
Journal of AdolescenceEthnic identity, self‐esteem, and perceived efficacy as mediators of the relation of supportive parenting to psychosocial outcomes among urban adolescents<sup>☆</sup>
91 Citations2004Rebecca R. Swenson, Hazel M. Prelow
The present study examined the direct and indirect relationships among supportive parenting, ethnic identity, self-esteem, perceived efficacy, and psychological adjustment in an urban sample of 133 African American and European American adolescents and found perceived efficacy fully mediated the relation between ethnic identity and depressive symptoms.
Journal of Community PsychologyEthnic identity, sense of community, and psychological well‐being among northern plains American Indian youth
91 Citations2010DenYelle Baete Kenyon, Jessica S. Carter
Child Development PerspectivesIntegrating Racial and Ethnic Identity Research Into Developmental Understanding of Adolescents
90 Citations2012Joanna L. Williams, Patrick H. Tolan +3 more
Journal of Research on AdolescenceEthnic Identity and Psychosocial Functioning in Navajo Adolescents
86 Citations2007Matthew D. Jones, Reneé V. Galliher
Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority PsychologyA developmental perspective of the relationship of racial–ethnic identity to self-construct, achievement, and behavior in African American children.
81 Citations2009Chaundrissa Oyeshiku Smith, Douglas W. Levine +3 more
The findings suggest that children's racial-ethnic identity develops differentially by gender, with girls showing faster growth but lower initial ethnic identity.
The Journal of Early AdolescenceEthnic Identity as a Predictor of Attitudes of Adolescents Toward Fighting
81 Citations1999Consuelo Arbona, Russell H. Jackson +2 more
Journal of Drug EducationEthnic Identity, Neighborhood Risk, and Adolescent Drug and Sex Attitudes and Refusal Efficacy: The Urban African American Girls' Experience
79 Citations2007Maya Corneille, Faye Z. Belgrave
Support for prevention programs for African American youth that seek to reduce risk behaviors by increasing ethnic identity, particularly in low resource communities is provided.
Journal of Career DevelopmentSchool Engagement Among Urban Youth of Color
78 Citations2008Justin C. Perry
Journal of Research in PersonalityRacial-ethnic self-schemas: Multidimensional identity-based motivation
76 Citations2008Daphna Oyserman
Examining racial-ethnic self-schemas as multi-dimensional, containing multiple, conflicting, and non-integrated images finds that engagement with school should increase and risk of depressive symptoms should decrease.
Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority PsychologyImportance of race and ethnicity: An exploration of Asian, Black, Latino, and multiracial adolescent identity.
76 Citations2010Linda Charmaraman, Jennifer M. Grossman
This mixed-method study used a grounded theory approach to explore the meanings underlying the importance that adolescents attach to their racial-ethnic identities, and identified a broad range of explanations for adolescents' racial- ethnic centrality.
American Psychological Association eBooksPreventing youth violence in a multicultural society.
74 Citations2006
Social Psychology of EducationRacial identity beliefs and academic achievement: does being black hold students back?
74 Citations2006Brian Harper, Bruce W. Tuckman
Journal of Drug EducationThe Moderating Effects of Culture on Peer Deviance and Alcohol Use among High-Risk African-American Adolescents
72 Citations2007Aashir Nasim, Faye Z. Belgrave +3 more
Findings suggest that prevention programs that infuse cultural values and practices such as Africentrism, ethnic identity, and religiosity may delay alcohol initiation and reduce use especially for youth with high risk peers.
Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority PsychologyMulticulturalism and subjective happiness as mediated by cultural and relational variables.
65 Citations2009Thao N. Le, Mary H. Lai +1 more
A positive relation between perceived school multiculturalism and subjective happiness is found and one way to facilitate psychological growth and flourishing among ethnic minority youth is to encourage multiculturalism in school settings.
PubMedThe role of ethnic identity and self-construal in coping among African American and Caucasian American seventh graders: an exploratory analysis of within-group variance.
59 Citations2002Jonathan F. Zaff, Ronald L. Blount +2 more
Results supported the hypothesis that ethnicity as a discrete variable is not associated with coping, but that ethnic identity and self-construal are, and it was found that high scores on the ethnic identityand self- construal scales were indicative of more positive psychological adjustment.
Journal of Child and Family StudiesSelf-concept of African-American male youth: Self-esteem and ethnic identity
58 Citations1995Rosemerry R. Blash, Donald G. Unger
…