A Biotechnological Method Provides Access to Aggregation Competent Monomeric Alzheimer's 1–42 Residue Amyloid Peptide

A tailored biotechnological method prevents aggregation of Aß1-42 monomers during its production and permits the investigation of the transition of monomers into fibers and the correlation of physico-chemical properties with biological activities.

Abstract

Senile plaques, a neuropathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease, consist primarily of insoluble aggregates of beta-amyloid peptide (A beta). A 42-residue peptide (A beta 1-42) appears to be the predominant form. In contrast to A beta 1-40, A beta 1-42 is characterized by its extreme tendency to aggregate into fibers or precipitate. A tailored biotechnological method prevents aggregation of A beta 1-42 monomers during its production. The method is based on a protein tail fused to the amino terminus of A beta. This tail leads to a high expression in E. coli, and a histidine affinity tag facilitates purification. Selective cleavage of the fusion tail is performed with cyanogen bromide by immobilizing the fusion protein on a reversed phase chromatography column. Cleavage then occurs only at the methionine positioned at the designed site but not at the methionine contained in the membrane anchor sequence of A beta. Furthermore, immobilization prevents aggregation of cleaved A beta. Elution from the HPLC column and all succeeding purification steps are optimized to preserve A beta 1-42 as a monomer. Solutions of monomeric A beta 1-42 spontaneously aggregate into fibers within hours. This permits the investigation of the transition of monomers into fibers and the correlation of physico-chemical properties with biological activities. Mutations of A beta 1-42 at position 35 influence the aggregation properties. Wild-type A beta 1-42 with methionine at position 35 has similar properties as A beta with a methionine sulfoxide residue. The fiber formation tendency, however, is reduced when position 35 is occupied by a glutamine, serine, leucine, or a glutamic acid residue.