Activators and targets
NaturePublished 1 July 1990
Mark Ptashne, Alexander Gann
Citations577
SJR quartileQ1
SJR score18.29
SNIP10.16
Generate an AI Snapshot to get a quick, structured summary of this paper.
Study Snapshot
ObjectiveStudy objective
MethodsResearch methodology
PopulationPopulation studied
Sample sizeSample sizes
OutcomesStudy outcomes here
ResultsStudy results comes here
LimitationsResearch study limitations comes here
A concise AI-generated summary of the paper will appear here once you click Generate AI Snapshot.
TL;DR
Proteins that activate genes are quite disparate in character; in particular, some work 'universally' and others do not; a simple model can accommodate most of the recently published results.
Abstract
Proteins that activate genes are quite disparate in character; in particular, some work 'universally' and others do not. A simple model can accommodate most of the recently published results.
Keywords
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
ScienceTranscriptional Regulation in Mammalian Cells by Sequence-Specific DNA Binding Proteins
3,238 Citations1989Pamela J. Mitchell, Robert Tjian
This review summarizes recent studies that define structural domains for DNA binding and transcriptional activation functions in sequence-specific transcription factors in mammalian DNA binding transcription factors.
NatureHow eukaryotic transcriptional activators work
1,896 Citations1988Mark Ptashne
A specific protein, bound to DNA, can activate transcription of a wide array of genes in many eukaryotes and is controlled by the immune system.
NatureGAL4-VP16 is an unusually potent transcriptional activator
1,391 Citations1988Ivan Sadowski, Jun Ma +2 more
It is shown that the hybrid protein (GAL4-VP16) activates transcription unusually efficiently in mammalian cells when bound close to, or at large distances from the gene, and suggested that the activating region of VP16 may be near-maximally potent.
CellFive intermediate complexes in transcription initiation by RNA polymerase II
1,040 Citations1989Stephen Buratowski, Steven Hahn +2 more
A native gel electrophoresis DNA binding assay was used to resolve complexes formed on the adenovirus Major Late Promoter by general transcription factors and RNA polymerase II, generating new complexes that contained accurately initiated transcripts associated with the transcription machinery and the template DNA.
CellMechanism of transcriptional activation by Sp1: Evidence for coactivators
1,027 Citations1990B. Franklin Pugh, Robert Tjian
These findings with Sp1 and CTF suggest that partially purified TFIID fractions from human and Drosophila cells contain coactivators that are dispensable for basal transcription but are required as molecular adaptors between trans-activators and the general transcription initiation machinery.
Genes & DevelopmentFunctional dissection of VP16, the trans-activator of herpes simplex virus immediate early gene expression.
838 Citations1988Steven J. Triezenberg, Robert C. Kingsbury +1 more
It is predicted that VP16 achieves IE gene specificity via protein: protein, rather than protein: DNA, interaction, according to the results presented in this and the accompanying paper.
NatureNegative effect of the transcriptional activator GAL4
683 Citations1988Grace Gill, Mark Ptashne
It is suggested that this inhibition, which the authors call squelching, reflects titration of a transcription factor by the activating region of GAL4, and that more efficient activators inhibit more strongly and that inhibition does not depend on the DNA-binding domain.
NatureTranscription activation by the adenovirus E1a protein
667 Citations1989James W. Lillie, Michael R. Green
It is shown that Ela has the two functions characteristic of a typical cellular activator: one direct Ela to the promoter, perhaps by interacting with a DMA-bound protein, and the other, an activating region, enables the bound activator to stimulate transcription.
NatureDirect and selective binding of an acidic transcriptional activation domain to the TATA-box factor TFIID
610 Citations1990Keith Stringer, C. James Ingles +1 more
The potent transactivation domain of the herpes simplex virion protein VP16 was used as a column ligand for affinity chromatography and results imply that the principal target for acidic activation domains is the TATA-box factor TFIID.
NatureGAL4 activates transcription in Drosophila
526 Citations1988Janice A. Fischer, Edward Giniger +2 more
It is shown that GAL4, when expressed in particular tissues of Drosophila larvae, stimulates tissue-specific transcription of a Dosophila promoter linked to GAL 4 binding sites.
ScienceFunctional Domains and Upstream Activation Properties of Cloned Human TATA Binding Protein
467 Citations1990Michael Gregory Peterson, Naoko Tanese +2 more
The results indicate the importance of the NH2-terminal region for upstream activation functions and suggest that additional factors (co-activators) are required for mediating interactions with specific regulators.
CellTranscription factor ATF interacts with the TATA factor to facilitate establishment of a preinitiation complex
465 Citations1988Masami Horikoshi, Tsonwin Hai +3 more
DNAase footprint analyses indicate that TFIID is a direct target for ATF, that these interactions facilitate assembly of a complete preinitiation complex, and that the role of ATF might be transient.
Annual Review of GeneticsADENOVIRUS PROMOTERS AND E1A TRANSACTIVATION
465 Citations1986Arnold Berk
The E3, E4, IVa2, IX, and E2 LATE Promoter Element Required for Transactivation, and Evidence Suggests an increase in the Amount of Limiting Transcription Factors is suggested.
CellA novel mediator between activator proteins and the RNA polymerase II transcription apparatus
462 Citations1990Raymond J. Kelleher, Peter M. Flanagan +1 more
It is reported here that a hybrid yeast-herpes gene activator protein inhibits transcriptional activation by a thymidine-rich DNA element in yeast, and it is suggested this factor mediates the transcriptionalactivation process.
NatureThe Oct-1 homoeodomain directs formation of a multiprotein-DNA complex with the HSV transactivator VP16
435 Citations1989Seth Stern, Masafumi Tanaka +1 more
The herpes simplex virus transactivator VP16 par-ticipates in the formation of a multiprotein-DNA complex with the ubiquitous octamer-motif-binding factor Oct-1, indicating that this structure is an ancient target for protein-protein interactions mediating transcriptional control.
ScienceFunction of a Bacterial Activator Protein That Binds to Transcriptional Enhancers
432 Citations1989David L. Popham, Daniel P. Szeto +2 more
The nitrogen regulatory (NtrC) protein of enteric bacteria, which binds to sites that have the properties of transcriptional enhancers, is known to activate transcription by a form of RNA polymerase that contains the NtrA protein (sigma 54) as sigma factor (referred to as s Sigma 54-holoenzyme).
CellBinding of transcription factor TFIID to the major late promoter during in vitro nucleosome assembly potentiates subsequent initiation by RNA polymerase II
393 Citations1987Jerry L. Workman, Robert G. Roeder
A plasmid containing the major late promoter was assembled into nucleosomes in a Xenopus oocyte extract, found to be refractory to transcription initiation in vitro, and inactivation or elimination of the TATA box-binding factor (TFIID) abolished the ability of these treatments to preserve promoter function.
CellA specific member of the ATF transcription factor family can mediate transcription activation by the adenovirus E1a protein
389 Citations1990Fang Liu, Michael R. Green
It is shown that E1a can function through a specific ATF protein, designated ATF-2, thereby positioning the E 1a activating region at a viral promoter.
NatureA mechanism for synergistic activation of a mammalian gene by GAL4 derivatives
388 Citations1990Michael Carey, Young-Sun Lin +2 more
The results support the idea that eukaryotic activators can cooperate not by directly interacting but by simultaneously touching some component(s) of the transcriptional machinery.
CellHerpes simplex virus regulatory elements and the immunoglobulin octamer domain bind a common factor and are both targets for virion transactivation
374 Citations1988Peter O’Hare, Colin R. Goding
It is concluded that TRF is similar or identical to the previously described octamer binding protein and is likely to be the target for coordinate induction of immediate-early gene expression by Vmw65.
CellThe yeast UASG is a transcriptional enhancer in human hela cells in the presence of the GAL4 trans-activator
372 Citations1988Nicholas J. G. Webster, Jia Jin +3 more
Addition of a 17-mer GAL4 binding site to the SV40 enhancer resulted in a synergistic enhancement of transcription in the presence of GAL 4, indicating that the molecular mechanisms responsible for transcriptional enhancement have been conserved from yeast to man.
CellA complex formed between cell components and an HSV structural polypeptide binds to a viral immediate early gene regulatory DNA sequence
358 Citations1988Chris M. Preston, Margaret C. Frame +1 more
Upon incubation of nuclear extracts of HSV-infected cells with a short DNA fragment containing TAATGARAT, a novel virus-induced protein-DNA complex (named IEC) was detected.
CellGAL4 activates gene expression in mammalian cells
357 Citations1988Hitoshi Kakidani, Mark Ptashne
It is shown that GAL4 and the glucocorticoid receptor activate the mouse mammary tumor virus promoter synergistically and a derivative of GAL 4 that binds to DNA but cannot activate transcription in yeast also fails to activate transcriptionIn mammalian cells.
Journal of Biological ChemistryFactors involved in specific transcription in mammalian RNA polymerase II. Functional analysis of initiation factors IIA and IID and identification of a new factor operating at sequences downstream of the initiation site.
355 Citations1987Danny Reinberg, M Horikoshi +1 more
Kinetic analyses combined with order of addition experiments suggested that TFIIA acted first during the initiation reaction and that this interaction was followed by the action of TFIID, and that the inferred complex was subsequently recognized by RNA polymerase II, which resulted in an increased level of Sarkosyl-resistant transcription.
NatureHighly conserved core domain and unique N terminus with presumptive regulatory motifs in a human TATA factor (TFIID)
344 Citations1990Alexander Hoffmann, Eric Sinn +5 more
An evolutionary conserved core which corresponds precisely to the 180-residue DNA binding/activation domain determined20 for yeast TFIID is revealed, a near absolute conservation of component structural motifs providing further support for their functional importance, and a unique N-terminal structure that suggests involvement in species-specific regulatory factor interactions.
CellSelective inhibition of activated but not basal transcription by the acidic activation domain of VP16: Evidence for transcriptional adaptors
311 Citations1990Shelley L. Berger, W. Douglas Cress +3 more
It is proposed that GAL4-VP16 acted to titrate an "adaptor" that bridges an interaction between the upstream activator and the basic transcriptional machinery at the TATA box.
Genes & DevelopmentEvidence of DNA: protein interactions that mediate HSV-1 immediate early gene activation by VP16.
290 Citations1988Steven J. Triezenberg, Karen L. LaMarco +1 more
Biochemical fractionation of nuclear proteins from uninfected cells revealed the existence of cellular proteins that bind directly to each of these VP16 cis-response elements, leading to the hypothesis that VP16 achieves activation specificity via protein: protein, rather than protein: DNA, interactions.
CellMechanism of action of a yeast activator: Direct effect of GAL4 derivatives on mammalian TFIID-promoter interactions
283 Citations1988Masami Horikoshi, Michael Carey +2 more
Interactions between the mammalian TATA factor and derivatives of the yeast activator GAL4 indicate that TFIID is a direct target for a GAL 4 activation domain and suggest a simple general model for the activation mechanism.
NatureHow different eukaryotic transcriptional activators can cooperate promiscuously
260 Citations1990Young-Sun Lin, Michael Carey +2 more
Transcription in vitro is used to confirm a prediction that synergy between two eukaryotic transcriptional activators would be seen under conditions where each is present at concentrations sufficiently high to saturate its site on DNA.
CellIsolation of the gene encoding the yeast TATA binding protein TFIID: A gene identical to the SPT15 suppressor of Ty element insertions
257 Citations1989Steven Hahn, Stephen Buratowski +2 more
Comparison of the yeast TFIID gene with the yeast SPT15 gene (suppressor of Ty element insertions) showed that the two genes are identical, indicating that the yeastTFIID activity defined in vitro is responsible for specific transcription in vivo.
CellIsolation and characterization of the Drosophila gene encoding the TATA box binding protein, TFIID
253 Citations1990Timothy Hoey, Brian David Dynlacht +3 more
Partially purified TFIID from Drosophila cells mediates activation by the transcription factor Sp1, but purified dTFIID expressed from the cloned gene is unable to support Sp1-dependent activation, suggesting that other factors may be required to mediate interactions between upstream activators like Sp1 and the TATA binding protein.
CellSPT15, the gene encoding the yeast TATA binding factor TFIID, is required for normal transcription initiation in vivo
240 Citations1989David M. Eisenmann, Catherine Dollard +1 more
Molecular and genetic analysis of the cloned SPT15 gene has shown that it is the same as the gene that encodes the TATA binding factor TFIID, and it is demonstrated that TFIIDs is essential for growth and that spt15 mutations are pleiotropic.
Proceedings of the National Academy of SciencesProbing the Escherichia coli glnALG upstream activation mechanism in vivo.
230 Citations1988Selina Sasse-Dwight, Jay D. Gralla
In vivo "footprints" of the glnA regulatory region under activating conditions demonstrate that the three most upstream activator sequences bind the protein NRI in the cell, placing interesting restrictions on models describing the mechanism by which NRI activates transcription from glnAp2 at a distance.
NatureEvidence for interaction of different eukaryotic transcriptional activators with distinct cellular targets
220 Citations1990Katherine J. Martin, James W. Lillie +1 more
It seems that E1a's activating region interacts with a cellular target not required for the function of transcriptional activators with 'acidic' activating regions, by contrast, the target of an acidic activating region is required both by acidic activators and by E 1a.
Proceedings of the National Academy of SciencesYeast TATA-box transcription factor gene.
191 Citations1989Martin C. Schmidt, C. Cheng Kao +2 more
This TATA-box transcription factor purified from extracts of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae by using reconstitution of in vitro transcription reactions as an assay copurified with a protein whose sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel mobility is 25 kDa.
Genes & DevelopmentActivation of the U2 snRNA promoter by the octamer motif defines a new class of RNA polymerase II enhancer elements.
172 Citations1988M. Tanaka, Ueli Grossniklaus +2 more
In the context of the U2 promoter, the octamer motif defines a new class of RNA polymerase II enhancer elements, which bind transcription factors that trans-activate gene expression by a different mechanism than the general mechanism mentioned above.
NatureYeast activators stimulate plant gene expression
163 Citations1988Jun Ma, Elisabeth Przibilla +3 more
GAL4 derivatives stimulate gene expression in plant cells by directing sequen1ce-specific DNA binding and interacting with some other component of the transcriptional machinery, for example, RNA polymerase II or a TATA-binding protein.
NatureArabidopsis thaliana contains two genes for TFIID
157 Citations1990Alexander Gasch, Alexander Hoffmann +3 more
It is found that TFIID from Arabidopsis and other organisms shows homology to helix-loop-helix proteins, which is similar to that shown in yeast, humans and plants.
ScienceAn RNA Polymerase-Binding Protein That Is Required for Communication Between an Enhancer and a Promoter
68 Citations1990Daniel R. Herendeen, Kelly P. Williams +2 more
Although bacteriophage T4 late promoters are selectively recognized by Escherichia coli RNA polymerase bearing a single protein encoded by T4 gene 55 (gp55), efficient transcription at these promoters requires enhancement by the three T4 DNA polymerase accessory proteins, bound to distal "mobile enhancer" sites.