American College of Preventive Medicine practice policy
American Journal of Preventive MedicinePublished 1 July 1998
Rebecca Ferrini, Steven H. Woolf
Citations71
SJR quartileQ1
SJR score2.08
SNIP1.50
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TL;DR
A practice policy statement on screening for prostate cancer in American men is presented and a review of the current literature and recommendations is presented.
Abstract
Abstract Based on a review of the current literature and recommendations, the American College of Preventive Medicine presents a practice policy statement on screening for prostate cancer in American men.
Keywords
MedicineEconomics, Econometrics and Finance
New England Journal of MedicineMeasurement of Prostate-Specific Antigen in Serum as a Screening Test for Prostate Cancer
2,390 Citations1991William J. Catàlona, Deborah S. Smith +6 more
The combination of measurement of the serum PSA concentration and rectal examination, with ultrasonography performed in patients with abnormal findings, provides a better method of detecting prostate cancer thanrectal examination alone.
CA A Cancer Journal for CliniciansCancer statistics, 1997
2,026 Citations1997Paul Park, T. Tong +2 more
The Journal of UrologyComparison of Digital Rectal Examination and Serum Prostate Specific Antigen in the Early Detection of Prostate Cancer: Results of a Multicenter Clinical Trial of 6,630 Men
1,422 Citations1994William J. Catàlona, John P. Richie +11 more
The use of PSA in conjunction with digital rectal examination enhances early prostate cancer detection and should be considered if either the PSA level is greater than 4 micrograms/l or digital rectAL examination is suspicious for cancer, even in the absence of abnormal transrectal ultrasonography findings.
JAMALongitudinal Evaluation of Prostate-Specific Antigen Levels in Men With and Without Prostate Disease
1,075 Citations1992H. Ballentine Carter
The most significant factor affecting serum PSA levels with age is the development of prostate disease, and rate of change in PSALevels may be a sensitive and specific early clinical marker for theDevelopment of prostate cancer.
JAMADetection of Organ-Confined Prostate Cancer Is Increased Through Prostate-Specific Antigen—Based Screening
1,004 Citations1993William J. Catalona
Screening based on PSA identifies some men with prostate cancer who have a significantly increased proportion of organ-confined tumors compared with those detected through evaluation for an abnormal digital rectal examination alone.
New England Journal of MedicineResults of Conservative Management of Clinically Localized Prostate Cancer
955 Citations1994Gerald W. Chodak, Ronald A. Thisted +8 more
The strategy of initial conservative management and delayed hormone therapy is a reasonable choice for some men with grade 1 or 2 clinically localized prostate cancer, particularly for those who have an average life expectancy of 10 years or less.
JAMASerum Prostate-Specific Antigen in a Community-Based Population of Healthy Men
807 Citations1993Joseph E. Oesterling
The influence of patient age and prostatic size on the serum PSA concentration was assessed in order to use PSA more appropriately to detect clinically significant prostate cancer at an early, potentially curable stage.
The Journal of UrologyProstate Cancer Detection in a Clinical Urological Practice by Ultrasonography, Digital Rectal Examination and Prostate Specific Antigen
774 Citations1990William H. Cooner, B.R. Mosley +6 more
The Journal of UrologyProstate Specific Antigen Density: A Means of Distinguishing Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy and Prostate Cancer
768 Citations1992Mitchell C. Benson, Ihn Seong Whang +5 more
A quotient of serum PSA and prostate volume, which is referred to as prostate specific antigen density (PSAD), may be useful in distinguishing BPH and prostate cancer.
JAMAA Prospective Evaluation of Plasma Prostate-Specific Antigen for Detection of Prostatic Cancer
734 Citations1995Peter H. Gann
A single PSA measurement had a relatively high sensitivity and specificity for detection of prostate cancers that arose within 4 years and cost and the ability of current treatments to improve the prognosis of screen-detected cases are considered.
JAMAProstate Cancer Detection in Men With Serum PSA Concentrations of 2.6 to 4.0 ng/mL and Benign Prostate Examination
664 Citations1997William J. Catalona
Using a percentage of free PSA cutoff of 27% or less as a criterion for performing prostatic biopsy would have detected 90% of cancers, avoided 18% of benign biopsies, and yielded a positive predictive value of 24% in men who underwent biopsy.
JAMAFifteen-Year Survival in Prostate Cancer<subtitle>A Prospective, Population-Based Study in Sweden</subtitle>
427 Citations1997Jan-Erik Johansson
Patients with localized prostate cancer have a favorable outlook following watchful waiting, and the number of deaths potentially avoidable by radical initial treatment is limited, according to a population-based cohort study.
The Journal of UrologySelection of Optimal Prostate Specific Antigen Cutoffs for Early Detection of Prostate Cancer: Receiver Operating Characteristic Curves
319 Citations1994William J. Catàlona, M’Liss A. Hudson +11 more
A prospective clinical trial of prostate cancer screening was conducted at 6 university centers including 6,630 men 50 years old or older who underwent a serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) determination and digital rectal examination, which concluded that a serum PSA concentration of 4.0 ng./ml should be used as a general guideline for biopsy in all age groups.
Annals of Internal MedicineProstate Cancer Screening: What We Know and What We Need To Know
276 Citations1993Barnett S. Kramer, Martin L. Brown +3 more
A number of scientific and economic uncertainties exist about the wisdom of widespread implementation of the PSA assay for screening, and these uncertainties justify a definitive randomized trial to determine whether screening for prostate cancer would reduce mortality from the disease.
Journal of General Internal MedicineThe importance of patient preference in the decision to screen for prostate cancer
273 Citations1996Ann Barry Flood, John E. Wennberg +4 more
Preference regarding cancer screening and treatment is greatly affected by information about medical uncertainties, and informed patient choices vary, PSA screening decisions should incorporate individual preferences.
CA A Cancer Journal for CliniciansEpidemiology of prostate cancer
244 Citations1997Gabriel P. Haas, Wael Sakr
Among several risk factors, evidence for the familial inheritance of some prostate cancers is compelling and it will become increasingly important to identify individuals at increased risk for the disease.
JAMALongitudinal Screening for Prostate Cancer With Prostate-Specific Antigen
219 Citations1996Deborah S. Smith
With serial PSA-based screening, the proportion of men with abnormal test results decreased, and the prostate cancer detection rate decreased to near the reported population-based incidence rate.
Archives of Internal MedicineThe Impact of Informed Consent on Patient Interest in Prostate-Specific Antigen Screening
208 Citations1996Andrew M. D. Wolf
Among primary care patients of predominantly lower socioeconomic status, those who received informed consent were significantly less interested in PSA screening than those who did not, highlighting the importance of apprising patients of the associated benefits, burdens, and uncertainties and allowing them to participate in the screening decision.
JAMAScreening for Prostate Cancer
199 Citations1994Murray Krahn
The analysis does not support using PSA, TRUS, or DRE to screen asymptomatic men for prostatic cancer, and Screening may result in poorer health outcomes and will increase costs dramatically.
The Journal of UrologyAssessment of Screening for Prostate Cancer Using the Digital Rectal Examination
179 Citations1989Gerald W. Chodak, Paul R. Keller +1 more
The results suggest that mass screening programs using digital examination may not add sufficient benefit over conventional medical care to warrant the expense and that definitive proof that screening can lower the mortality rate from prostate cancer can be obtained only by a prospective randomized clinical trial.
The Journal of UrologyProspective characterization of pathological features of Prostatic Carcinomas Detected Via Serum Prostate Specific Antigen Based Screening
155 Citations1996Peter A. Humphrey, David W. Keetch +3 more
It is concluded that the pathological features of most prostatic carcinomas detected via PSA based screening do not resemble those of autopsy cancers, and thatmost prostatic cancers detected in screening programs are likely to be clinically important.
Urologic Clinics of North AmericaEconomics of Screening for Carcinoma of the Prostate
142 Citations1990Scott A. Optenberg, Ian M. Thompson
The authors demonstrate the importance of attempting to predict ultimate patient outcomes before implementing any health care strategy as standard by using available data, which suggest that offering a screening program to all men ages 50 to 70 would be prohibitively expensive.
Annals of Internal MedicineCLINICAL GUIDELINES: PART II: Early Detection of Prostate Cancer: Part II
141 Citations1997Christopher M. Coley, Michael J. Barry +3 more
Evidence of treatment effectiveness and the effectiveness of screening tests are synthesized and the cost-effectiveness of one-time screening for prostate cancer with digital rectal examination and measurement of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is estimated.
The LancetCase-control study of screening for prostatic cancer by digital rectal examinations
118 Citations1991G D Friedman, R A Hiatt +2 more
Screening by routine digital rectal examination appears to have little if any effect in preventing metastatic prostatic cancer, and if there is a small benefit, it will be difficult to demonstrate by conventional epidemiological study.
CA A Cancer Journal for CliniciansAn adjustment to the 1997 estimate for new prostate cancer cases
108 Citations1997Phyllis A. Wingo, Sarah Landis +1 more
It is now estimated that fewer than 210,000 new cases of prostate cancer may be diagnosed in 1997 than previously estimated.
UrologyDiagnosis of advanced or noncurable prostate cancer can be practically eliminated by prostate-specific antigen
76 Citations1996Fernand Labrie, Bernard Candas +5 more
The present data show that annual screening with PSA diagnoses clinically localized prostate cancer in more than 95% of cases, thus almost completely eliminating the diagnosis of metastatic prostate cancer.
PubMedDisease-specific survival following routine prostate cancer screening by digital rectal examination.
76 Citations1993Glenn S. Gerber, Ian M. Thompson +2 more
The Journal of UrologyCharacteristics of Prostate Cancer Detected in the American Cancer Society-National Prostate Cancer Detection Project
66 Citations1994Curtis Mettlin, G P Murphy +8 more
PSA level and PSA density were associated with the detection of organ confined cancer but several advanced tumors had PSA levels in the normal range, and Age referenced PSA, compared to conventional standards, demonstrated lower sensitivity to cancer with little improvement in specificity.
UrologyProspective use of free prostate-specific antigen to avoid repeat prostate biopsies in men with elevated total prostate-specific antigen
66 Citations1996Ted O. Morgan, David G. McLeod +3 more
A low percent free PSA (< 10%) appears to be a powerful predictor of prostate cancer even after two negative prostate biopsies.
CancerEvaluation and comparison of two new prostate carcinoma markers: Free-prostate specific antigen and prostate specific membrane antigen
64 Citations1996Gerald P. Murphy, Robert J. Barren +14 more
This report summarizes a prospective two‐year multicenter test of the new prostate cancer markers, free‐prostate specific antigen (f‐PSA) and prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA), of their diagnostic or prognostic capabilities.
The Journal of UrologyTumor Volume and Stage in Carcinoma of the Prostate Detected by Elevations in Prostate Specific Antigen
62 Citations1994Renato Scaletscky, Michael O. Koch +4 more
Most patients with cancer detected because of modest elevation in prostate specific antigen, even without palpable abnormalities, have a clinically significant tumor volume and are good candidates for radical prostatectomy.
CancerScreening for carcinoma of the prostate rectal examination, and enzymatic and radioimmunologic measurements of serum acid phosphatase compared
60 Citations1985Pirkko Vihko, M Kontturi +3 more
Veterans (n = 771, 54–76 years of age) from the Second World War, who attended a rehabilitation program arranged by the state between the years 1979 and 1983, were screened for prostatic cancer by rectal examination of the prostate and by measurement of serum prostate‐specific acid phosphatase (PAP) concentration and enzyme activity.
PubMedProstate cancer screening: a decision analysis.
60 Citations1995Scott B. Cantor, Stephen J. Spann +3 more
When quality-of-life preferences of men are considered, the annual screening of asymptomatic patients for prostate cancer is not recommended, and the model indicated that no screening was preferred to screening when patients' utilities were considered.
The Journal of UrologyDeferred Treatment of Low Grade Stage T3 Prostate Cancer without Distant Metastases
60 Citations1993Jan Adolfsson
Fifty patients with extracapsular prostate cancer without known distant metastases were included in a protocol of surveillance followed by deferred treatment of progression, and the cancer specific survival was 88% at 5 years and 70% at 9 years.
UrologyUsefulness of the ratio free/total prostatespecific antigen in addition to total PSA levels in prostate cancer screening
51 Citations1996Andreas Reissigl, Helmut Klocker +8 more
Measurement of f/t PSA reduces the number of unnecessary biopsies in PSA screening without missing many cancers.
The Journal of UrologyExpectant Management of Clinically Localized Prostatic Cancer
49 Citations1994John Warner, Willet F. Whitmore
75 patients with clinical stage B histologically proved prostatic cancer receiving no therapy for at least 1 year after diagnosis were identified and managed expectantly, with first evidence of tumor progression was local in more than 90% of the cases.
JAMADisease-Specific Survival Following Routine Prostate Cancer Screening by Digital Rectal Examination
46 Citations1993Glenn S. Gerber
Routine screening for prostate cancer by annual digital rectal examination alone may be insufficiently frequent and/or sensitive to prevent significant mortality from this disease.
The Journal of UrologySignificance of Serum Free Prostate Specific Antigen in the Screening of Prostate Cancer
46 Citations1996Eiji Higashihara, Kikuo Nutahara +7 more
Free PSA determination might eliminate unnecessary biopsies in men with a PSA of more than 4 ng./ml.
Southern Medical JournalProstate-Specific Antigen and Digital Rectal Examination in Screening for Prostate Cancer
42 Citations1994Paul R. Bretton
PSA in combination with DRE appears to be useful in detecting prostate cancer in its early stages, and prospective randomized trials must be completed to determine whether early detection will have an impact on overall mortality from prostate cancer.
PubMedScreening by the prostate-specific antigen test: what do the patients know?
40 Citations1996Pamela Diefenbach, Patricia A. Ganz +2 more
Either patients forget information about the PSA test or providers do not tell patients they are being screened for cancer, and further research and interventions are needed to improve patient knowledge and understanding about this prostate cancer screening test.
UrologyImproving survival for patients with prostate cancer diagnosed in the prostate-specific antigen era
39 Citations1996Frank D. Gilliland, William C. Hunt +1 more
The earlier stage at diagnosis and the improved survival during the period of increased PSA screening are consistent with changes expected from an effective screening test and treatment modality.
The Journal of UrologyDeferred Treatment of Clinically Localized Low Grade Prostate Cancer: The Experience From A Prospective Series at The Karolinska Hospital
39 Citations1994Jan Adolfsson, Lars Rönstrom +3 more
Deferred treatment appears to be an acceptable option for patients with tumor clinically confined to the prostate and a life expectancy of 10 years or less.
Tumori JournalComparing Two Modalities of Screening for Prostate Cancer: Digital Rectal Examination + Transrectal Ultrasonography Vs. Prostate-Specific Antigen
26 Citations1995Stefano Ciatto, Rita Bonardi +5 more
The study confirms that early detection of prostate cancer is possible and that screening is practically feasible, and that PSA seems the ideal test to be used in prospective controlled studies aimed at demonstrating screening efficacy.
Medical Clinics of North AmericaPROSTATE CANCER SCREENING
24 Citations1996Russell M. Hostetler, Ilana Mandel +1 more
It is hoped that the PIVOT trial or similar efforts and further research into the basic mechanisms of the disease will provide clearer answers in the future.
The Journal of UrologyPrimary Care Practitioners: An Analysis of their Perceptions of Voiding Dysfunction and Prostate Cancer
24 Citations1996Marc W. Plawker, Jay M. Fleisher +2 more
Primary care practitioners might require further education in regard to the use of PSA, digital rectal examination and pharmacotherapy in voiding dysfunction and consideration should be given to the establishment of guidelines for urological referral.
JAMAQuitting Smoking: Nicotine vs Placebo Gum
1 Citations1989Terry A. Jacobson
The authors' conclusions about the ineffectiveness of nicotine gum with brief physician counseling need further discussion, and their sample size had inadequate power to detect a 10% difference in quit rates.