The Teaching of Professionalism During Residency: Why It Is Failing and a Suggestion to Improve Its Success
Anesthesia & AnalgesiaPublished 13 February 2009
Robert R. Gaiser
Citations92
SJR quartileQ1
SJR score1.16
SNIP1.63
Generate an AI Snapshot to get a quick, structured summary of this paper.
Study Snapshot
ObjectiveStudy objective
MethodsResearch methodology
PopulationPopulation studied
Sample sizeSample sizes
OutcomesStudy outcomes here
ResultsStudy results comes here
LimitationsResearch study limitations comes here
A concise AI-generated summary of the paper will appear here once you click Generate AI Snapshot.
TL;DR
Self-reflection allows for the development of a true understanding and practice of professionalism and may improve professional behavior.
Abstract
Professionalism is one of the core competencies to be taught and evaluated during residency. A review of the literature suggests that professionalism is not completely understood or practiced. The teaching of professionalism has been incorporated into the educational programs for residents. However, residents learn from two curriculums: the stated curriculum and a hidden curriculum. The hidden curriculum represents the actions observed by the resident of the faculty in the hospital. The impact of this hidden curriculum upon professional behavior by the resident is significant. Due to the hidden curriculum, a possible means of improving professionalism involves the development of a program for faculty. This program must include not only topics but time for personal reflection of one's knowledge and actions. Self-reflection allows for the development of a true understanding and practice of professionalism and may improve professional behavior.
Keywords
Medicine
Educational ResearcherSituated Cognition and the Culture of Learning
12,990 Citations1989John Seely Brown, Allan Collins +1 more
Academic MedicineThe hidden curriculum, ethics teaching, and the structure of medical education
1,693 Citations1994Frederic W. Hafferty, Rita A. Franks
The authors challenge a prevailing belief within the culture of medicine that while it may be possible to teach information about ethics, course material or even an entire curriculum can in no way decisively influence a student's personality or ensure ethical conduct.
Educational ResearchReliability of the Draw‐a‐man Test
442 Citations1975R K Evans, Neil Ferguson +2 more
BMJHow important are role models in making good doctors?
430 Citations2002Elisabeth Paice, Shelley Heard +1 more
Whether role models can still be an effective means of imparting professional values, attitudes, and behaviours in a health service that is increasingly sensitive to society's expectations is considered.
Academic MedicineTeam Communications in the Operating Room
421 Citations2002Lorelei Lingard, Richard K. Reznick +3 more
Team communications in the OR follow observable patterns and are influenced by recurrent themes that suggest sites of team tension, which affects novices, who respond with behaviors that may intensify rather than resolve interprofessional conflict.
Journal of General Internal MedicineThe Role of the Student-Teacher Relationship in the Formation of Physicians. The Hidden Curriculum as Process
359 Citations2006Paul Haidet, Howard F. Stein
This essay suggests that relationships are a critical mediating factor in the hidden curriculum, and explores evidence from the educational literature with respect to the student-teacher relationship, and the relevance that these studies hold for medical education.
Medical TeacherTeaching professionalism: general principles
340 Citations2006Richard L. Cruess, Sylvia R. Cruess
Teaching the cognitive base of professionalism and providing opportunities for the internalization of its values and behaviors are the cornerstones of the organization of the teaching of professionalism at all levels.
Teaching and Learning in Medicine"Profession": A Working Definition for Medical Educators
285 Citations2004Sylvia R. Cruess, Sharon Johnston +1 more
There appears to be a need for one as a basis for teaching the cognitive aspects of the subject and for evaluating behaviors characteristic of professionals, and a definition is proposed based on the Oxford English Dictionary and the literature on the subject.
Advances in Health Sciences EducationA Controlled Trial of Active Versus Passive Learning Strategies in a Large Group Setting
271 Citations2004Paul Haidet, Robert O. Morgan +3 more
Teaching strategies that foster learner-to-learner interactions will lead to more active engagement among learners, however, these learners may value the session less and further research is needed to explore learner perceptions of the teaching process and other outcomes of active learning in medical education.
Academic MedicineContext, Conflict, and Resolution
269 Citations2000Shiphra Ginsburg, Glenn Regehr +6 more
Journal of General Internal MedicineToward an informal curriculum that teaches professionalism
182 Citations2004Anthony L. Suchman, Penelope R. Williamson +4 more
Using an appreciative narrative-based approach, the Indiana University School of Medicine is seeking to foster a social environment that consistently embodies and reinforces the values of its formal competency-based curriculum.
Clinical Orthopaedics and Related ResearchWhat We Don't Know We Are Teaching
157 Citations2006Wade Gofton, Glenn Regehr
The importance of attending to the messages the authors transmit to their trainees, protégés, and junior colleagues as they strive to develop professional competency and recruit the best into the field is reviewed.
Medical EducationA systematic review of studies assessing and facilitating attitudes towards professionalism in medicine
148 Citations2007Vikram Jha, Hilary Bekker +2 more
Evidence is provided for measures used to assess appropriate attitudes towards professionalism in medicine and their psychometric rigour and interventions that have been found to be effective in changing such attitudes.
JAMAInstilling Professionalism in Medical Education
142 Citations1999Kenneth M. Ludmerer
Empirical evidence that formal instruction alone enhances professionalism is lacking is lacking, but the study does document that at this critical time in American medicine, most medical schools acknowledge the need to address professionalism as an essential element of the education of their students.
Academic MedicineBasing the Evaluation of Professionalism on Observable Behaviors: A Cautionary Tale
129 Citations2004Shiphra Ginsburg, Glenn Regehr +1 more
There was no apparent “shared standard” that faculty held for professional behavior in students, and similar behaviors could be interpreted as either professional or unprofessional.
Medical EducationPerceptions of professionalism in medicine: a qualitative study
118 Citations2006Vikram Jha, Hilary Bekker +2 more
This study aims to describe the views and experiences individuals have about medical professionalism to provide a more comprehensive understanding of medical professionalism.
Academic MedicineCharacterizing the Patient-Centeredness of Hidden Curricula in Medical Schools: Development and Validation of a New Measure
114 Citations2004Paul Haidet, Patricia A. Kelly +1 more
The C3 Instrument proved to be a reliable and valid tool that characterizes a medical school's hidden curriculum with respect to patient-centered care and can be used to guide educational interventions by addressing the context that exists around formal teaching activities.
BMJBullying among doctors in training: cross sectional questionnaire survey: Table 1.
97 Citations2004Elisabeth Paice, MaryAnne Aitken +2 more
How commonly doctors in training experienced persistent and serious bullying is investigated, who were the sources of this behaviour, and what action was taken to deal with it are investigated.
JAMAReforming Graduate Medical Education
93 Citations2005Kenneth M. Ludmerer, Michael M. Johns
4 strategies for reasserting the primacy of education in GME are suggested: limit the number of patients house officers manage at one time, relieve the resident staff of noneducational chores, improve educational content, and ease emotional stresses.
Academic MedicineViewpoint: The Trouble with Assessing Students??? Professionalism: Theoretical Insights from Sociocognitive Psychology
92 Citations2006Charlotte E. Rees, Lynn Knight
It is suggested that attitudes are poor predictors of behavior when external constraints, such as social pressure to behave in a particular way, are strong, and that coupling observation with conversation is needed to assess students' professional behaviors and their attitudes more fairly.
Clinical Orthopaedics and Related ResearchDefinitions of Professionalism
91 Citations2006Frederic W. Hafferty
This paper examines issues of medical professionalism using definitions and meanings as its analytic lens and explores similarities, differences, and changes in meaning and interpretation over time and across three primary literatures of professionalism: sociology, medicine, and education.
Academic MedicineEnhancing Self-Awareness in Medical Students: An Overview of Teaching Approaches
86 Citations2005Jochanan Benbassat, Reuben Baumal
More study is needed concerning the effectiveness of the various approaches to teaching self-awareness, since presently available evidence does not allow educators to identify an optimal teaching program.
Western Journal of MedicinePersonal growth in medical faculty: a qualitative study
75 Citations2001David E. Kern
Academic MedicineA Prospective Study of the Relationship between Medical Knowledge and Professionalism among Internal Medicine Residents
62 Citations2007Colin P. West, Jefrey L. Huntington +6 more
Residency programs should devise specific curricula to promote each domain of physician competency, as resident competency in the domains of medical knowledge and empathy seems to be influenced by separate and independent aspects of training.
Medical EducationPersonal growth and its correlates during residency training
56 Citations2006Scott M. Wright, Rachel B. Levine +7 more
This research aims to explore the characteristics of and factors associated with personal growth during residency training duringidency training.
Medical TeacherAssessing professionalism: theory and practice
48 Citations2006Malcolm Parker
It is argued that judgments about attitudinal and behavioural competence are legitimate, and need be no more arbitrary than those made about scientific or clinical knowledge and skills, but also that these judgments should be restricted to what is agreed to be unacceptable behaviour, rather than attempting to rate attitudes and behaviour positively.
Journal of Health Politics Policy and LawThe Limits of Social Learning: Translating Analysis into Action
47 Citations1997Mark Allen Peterson
The full extent to which social learning is often a decidedly political struggle over ideas and information in which advocates promote lessons that severe their specific interests within a given institutional context and political setting is revealed.
Medical EducationWhich values do attending physicians try to pass on to house officers?
44 Citations2001Scott M. Wright, Joseph A. Carrese
Professional development in medicine includes the acquisition of values and attitudes which are fundamental to the role of the physician.
The Journal of UrologyImproving Professionalism: Making the Implicit More Explicit
34 Citations2007Byron D. Joyner, Vijaya M. Vemulakonda
It is suggested that training faculty and residents in professionalism may have a significant positive influence on improving resident professional behavior as well as the faculty ability to more objectively evaluate resident professional behaviors based on defined standards.
Perspectives: Key Concepts for Understanding the Curriculum
29 Citations2014Colin J. Marsh
Scholarship@Western (Western University)Team Communications in the Operating Room: Talk Patterns, Sites of Tension, and Implications for Novices
19 Citations2002Lingard, Lorelei, Reznick, Richard +3 more
The American Journal of SurgeryThe resident view of professionalism behavior frequency in outstanding and “not outstanding” faculty
18 Citations2006Kimberly S. Ephgrave, R. Brent Stansfield +4 more
The behaviors that best distinguished clinical faculty judged by residents as outstanding professionals were listening, trustworthiness, answering directly, and respect.
Academic MedicineViewpoint: Are We Serious About Teaching Professionalism in Medicine?
14 Citations2007John Saultz
To overcome three fundamental challenges that powerfully affect the ability to promote professionalism in students and young physicians, the author suggests four steps that can be taken in the medical education community.
Journal of Cancer EducationProfessionalism: Why Now, What Is It, How Do We Do Something?
14 Citations2006John A. Talbott
This contribution discusses the following: Why is this necessary now and at the University of Maryland, specifically in the selection of students, teaching, and evaluation of professionalism; remediation of unprofessional behavior, and rewarding exemplary behavior.
JAMAA Golden Rule: Remember the Gift
8 Citations2001Edward M. Hundert
A Golden Rule: Remember the Gift I would like to offer a simple formula that humanists can readily apply to act humanistically when faced with moral dilemmas in medical practice that they do not know how to handle and thereby enhance humanism in medicine.
Definitions of Professionalism
5 Citations2008Richard L. Cruess, Sylvia R. Cruess +1 more