An “ecological” approach to the obesity pandemic
BMJPublished 23 August 1997Open access
Garry Egger, B. Swinburn
Citations857
Generate an AI Snapshot to get a quick, structured summary of this paper.
Study Snapshot
ObjectiveStudy objective
MethodsResearch methodology
PopulationPopulation studied
Sample sizeSample sizes
OutcomesStudy outcomes here
ResultsStudy results comes here
LimitationsResearch study limitations comes here
A concise AI-generated summary of the paper will appear here once you click Generate AI Snapshot.
Keywords
Medicine
New England Journal of MedicineChanges in Energy Expenditure Resulting from Altered Body Weight
1,999 Citations1995Rudolph L. Leibel, Michael Rosenbaum +1 more
Maintenance of a reduced or elevated body weight is associated with compensatory changes in energy expenditure, which oppose the maintenance of a body weight that is different from the usual weight, which may account for the poor long-term efficacy of treatments for obesity.
Choice Reviews OnlineThe strategy of preventive medicine
1,887 Citations1993
This chapter discusses the relation of risk to exposure, prevention for individuals and the 'high-risk' strategy, and the population strategy of prevention.
BMJObesity in Britain: gluttony or sloth?
1,171 Citations1995AM Prentice, Susan A. Jebb
Evidence suggests that modern inactive lifestyles are at least as important as diet in the aetiology of obesity and possibly represent the dominant factor.
The Strategy of Preventive Medicine
1,078 Citations1993Geoffrey Rose
PubMedMesenchymal stem cells in bone development, bone repair, and skeletal regeneration therapy.
852 Citations1994David G. Bostwick, Harry Burke +8 more
The isolation and in vitro mitotic expansion of autologous human MSCs will support the development of novel protocols for the treatment of many clinically challenging conditions, and can begin to explore therapeutic options that have never before been available.
Postgraduate Medical JournalClinical Epidemiology - a basic science for clinical medicine
786 Citations1992B I Hoffbrand
PubMedAdvances in the epidemiology of injuries as a basis for public policy.
754 Citations1980William F. Haddon
The etiology of injuries suggests that the term injury should probably be defined so as to encompass those kinds of damage to the body that are produced by energy exchanges and that are manifested within 48 hours, or usually within considerably shorter periods.
The LancetConcorde: MRC/ANRS randomised double-blind controlled trial of immediate and deferred zidovudine in symptom-free HIV infection
479 Citations1994
There was no statistically significant difference in clinical outcome between the two therapeutic policies of zidovudine treatment in Concorde, and there was a clear difference in changes in CD4 cell count over time in the two groups.
Journal of Clinical InvestigationFat cell metabolism in different regions in women. Effect of menstrual cycle, pregnancy, and lactation.
449 Citations1985M Rebuffé-Scrive, L. Enk +5 more
The results imply that in both nonpregnant and pregnant women lipid assimilation is favored in the femoral depot and fat cells from different regions show a differential response during pregnancy and lactation.
PubMedDietary fat and obesity: evidence from epidemiology.
431 Citations1995Lauren Lissner, Berit L. Heitmann
A review of various epidemiological methods used to address the development of obesity as well as an updated summary of the existing evidence are provided.
American Journal of Clinical NutritionFailure of dietary fat intake to promote fat oxidation: a factor favoring the development of obesity
348 Citations1989Y. Schütz, J. P. Flatt +1 more
The data indicate that substantial imbalances between intake and oxidation are much more likely for fat than for carbohydrate.
Journal of Consulting and Clinical PsychologyEtiology and treatment of obesity: Understanding a serious, prevalent, and refractory disorder.
277 Citations1992Kelly D. Brownell, Thomas A. Wadden
This article argues for establishing a "reasonable weight," which may differ from health and aesthetic ideals, and integrates information on etiology, social beliefs about body weight, theory, and treatment into a comprehensive and compassionate model for intervention.
International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health CareInfluences on the Quality of Published Drug Studies
228 Citations1996Lisa Bero, Drummond Rennie
This work gives examples of published drug studies that are defective, sometimes because pharmaceutical industry funding has affected their content and quality, and makes recommendations on how to avoid these defects.
American Journal of Clinical NutritionDietary fat intake and weight gain in women genetically predisposed for obesity
214 Citations1995Berit L. Heitmann, Lauren Lissner +2 more
High dietary fat intake may have an obesity-promoting effect in women with a genetic predisposition, but not among obese women with lean parents, or lean women with or without obese parents.
JAMAMortality Following Ventricular Arrhythmia Suppression by Encainide, Flecainide, and Moricizine After Myocardial Infarction
180 Citations1993Andrew E. Epstein
The suppression of asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic ventricular arrhythmias after myocardial infarction does not improve survival and can increase mortality, and treatment strategies designed solely to suppress these arrhythias should no longer be followed.
PubMedA public health approach to the problem of obesity.
158 Citations1995W. P. T. James
The genetically susceptible probably dominate the upper BMI range and seem to reflect subtle discrepancies in energy balance in an inactive society on a high fat diet, which can explain the accelerating skewness of BMI distribution and particular propensity of women to obesity.
Proceedings of The Nutrition SocietyThe right weight: body fat, menarche and fertility
125 Citations1994Rose E. Frisch
Proceedings of The Nutrition SocietyPhysiological responses to slimming
119 Citations1991Andrew M. Prentice, Gail Goldberg +4 more
The present review will only consider energy-sparing adaptations and the composition of weight loss, two of the most important outcomes and are covered by a substantial body of literature from which some definite conclusions can be drawn.
BMJSurrogate markers for survival in patients with AIDS and AIDS related complex treated with zidovudine.
119 Citations1991Mark Z. Jacobson, Peter Bacchetti +8 more
CD4+ lymphocyte count at 8-12 weeks and change in serum beta 2 microglobulin concentration could be surrogate end points for clinical outcome in trials of antiretroviral drugs for patients with HIV disease.
American Journal of Clinical NutritionChanges in body weight, body composition, and energy intake in women fed high- and low-fat diets
118 Citations1991TE Prewitt, D Schmeisser +6 more
Results could not be explained by changes in daily activity levels and suggest that macronutrient composition plays a role in energy requirements for weight maintenance.
American Journal of Clinical NutritionEnergy balance or fat balance?
117 Citations1993Boyd Swinburn, Éric Ravussin
Under normal conditions, carbohydrate, protein, and alcohol are not converted to fat, and an increase in fat intake does not stimulate fat oxidation, so a positive fat balance results, which has the potential to become chronic.
International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health CareBeware of Surrogate Outcome Measures
89 Citations1996Peter C Gøtzsche, Alessandro Liberati +2 more
It is concluded that reliance on surrogates may be harmful and results obtained with surrogates should be regarded as preliminary in large, definitive trials with clinically relevant outcomes before new interventions are accepted.
Journal of the American College of CardiologyRole of surrogate end points in the evaluation of drugs for heart failure
41 Citations1993Raymond J. Lipicky, Milton Packer
In the area of heart failure, no surrogate end point currently exists that can be used in lieu of the direct assessment of a drug on symptoms or survival, ideally in the context of a placebo-controlled trial.
European Journal of Applied PhysiologyInfluence of training, sex, age and body mass on the energy cost of running
39 Citations1993M. Bourdin, J. Pastene +2 more
It is suggested that women decrease theirCr as a response to running training more efficiently than do men, suggesting that the differences inCr currently attributed to age, running training or sex differences are mainly related tomb.
PubMedCompliance to dietary advice directed towards increasing the carbohydrate to fat ratio of the everyday diet.
37 Citations1995X.-H. Lyon, Véronique Di Vetta +3 more
Advice aiming at increasing diet's carbohydrate to fat ratio induces a loss of fat mass with fat-free mass maintenance, and was positively correlated to the loss of body fat mass.
PubMed[Energy metabolism in obesity].
34 Citations1992J Sonka, P Sucharda +1 more
The regulation of energy metabolism in obesity may differ from normal condition in several respects and many common drugs interfere with energy metabolism, namely those used in psychiatry and all hormones and their antagonists mentioned above and used for a long time.
BMJPharmaceutical representatives
19 Citations1996Allen F. Shaughnessy, David C. Slawson
It is shown that mice with increased Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase activity are resistant to N-methyl-4-phenyl 1,2,3,6 tetrahydropyridine induced neurotoxicity.
Obesity ResearchBiracial Differences in Physical Activity and Body Composition Among Women
13 Citations1995Chris Tuten, Richard Petosa +2 more
Although both black and white females were found to be sedentary over 90 percent of the time, black women are significantly more sedentary and Biracial differences in discretionary non-exercise oriented activities may contribute to different rates of overweight observed between black andwhite women.
Journal of Health EducationToward a New Paradigm for the Management of Obesity
8 Citations1994Steven R. Hawks, Paul Richins
It is time for a new paradigm in weight management that focuses primarily on reducing the percentage of calories in the diet from fat, and on increasing the level of physical activity.
PubMedSummary of recommendations for colonic biomarker studies of candidate chemopreventive compounds in phase II clinical trials.
7 Citations1994Mack Lipkin
New genetic, morphologic, proliferative and differentiation-associated biomarkers are available for study in Phase II chemoprevention clinical trials and approaches to improve the standardization and quality control of biomarker assays were considered.
Clinical ChemistryDetermining acceptable risks: experimental and epidemiological issues
4 Citations1994Renate D. Kimbrough
The present expectations of using various biomarkers to predict future health outcomes may be unrealistic and more baseline data are needed to determine which biomarkers are expressions of exposure and which are predictors of future disease.