Smoking Cessation in Patients With Psychiatric Disorders
The Primary Care Companion to The Journal of Clinical PsychiatryPublished 14 February 2008Open access
Alan J. Gelenberg, José de León, A. Eden Evins, Joseph Parks, Nancy A. Rigotti
Citations26
Generate an AI Snapshot to get a quick, structured summary of this paper.
Study Snapshot
ObjectiveStudy objective
MethodsResearch methodology
PopulationPopulation studied
Sample sizeSample sizes
OutcomesStudy outcomes here
ResultsStudy results comes here
LimitationsResearch study limitations comes here
A concise AI-generated summary of the paper will appear here once you click Generate AI Snapshot.
TL;DR
Dr. Gelenberg explains why psychiatric patients with mental illness have a higher rate of smoking than the base population and smoke twice as many cigarettes as smokers without mental illness.
Keywords
MedicineBiochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
British Journal of AddictionThe Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence: a revision of the Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire
10,770 Citations1991Todd F. Heatherton, Lynn T. Kozlowski +2 more
A revision of the FTQ: the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND), which found that a revised scoring of time to the first cigarette of the day (TTF) and number of cigarettes smoked per day (CPD) improved the scale.
JAMAActual Causes of Death in the United States
5,351 Citations1993J. Michael McGinnis
The most prominent contributors to mortality in the United States in 1990 were tobacco, diet and activity patterns, alcohol, microbial agents, toxic agents, firearms, sexual behavior, motor vehicles, and illicit use of drugs.
JAMAActual Causes of Death in the United States, 2000
5,213 Citations2004Ali H. Mokdad
These analyses show that smoking remains the leading cause of mortality in the United States, however, poor diet and physical inactivity may soon overtake tobacco as the lead cause of death.
Patient Education and CounselingCigarette smoking among adults — United States, 1988
1,709 Citations1992Jerald G. Bachman, Lloyd D. Johnston +1 more
Journal of Behavioral MedicineMeasuring nicotine dependence: A review of the Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire
1,615 Citations1989Karl Fagerström, Nina Schneider
PubMedCongruencies in increased mortality rates, years of potential life lost, and causes of death among public mental health clients in eight states.
1,302 Citations2006Craig W. Colton, Ronald W. Manderscheid
Mental health and physical health are intertwined; both types of care should be provided and linked together within health care delivery systems and research to track mortality and primary Care should be increased.
Schizophrenia ResearchA meta-analysis of worldwide studies demonstrates an association between schizophrenia and tobacco smoking behaviors
1,259 Citations2005José de León, Francisco J. Díaz
People who are going to develop schizophrenia have risk factors that make them more vulnerable to start smoking, and heavy smoking and high nicotine dependence were more frequent in smokers with schizophrenia versus the general population.
JAMASmoking, Smoking Cessation, and Major Depression
1,189 Citations1990Alexander H. Glassman
The association between cigarette smoking and major depression was not ubiquitous across all psychiatric diagnoses, and gender differences in rates of smoking and of smoking cessation observed in the larger population were not evident among the depressed group.
American Journal of PsychiatryPrevalence of smoking among psychiatric outpatients
1,064 Citations1986John Hughes, Dorothy K. Hatsukami +2 more
The prevalence of smoking among psychiatric outpatients was significantly higher than among either local or national population-based samples (52% versus 30% and 33%).
JAMAA Clinical Practice Guideline for Treating Tobacco Use and Dependence: A US Public Health Service Report
795 Citations2000Staff The Tobacco Use and Dependence Clinical Practice Guideline Panel
The recently published US Public Health Service report Treating Tobacco Use and Dependence: A Clinical Practice Guideline provides recommendations for briefclinical interventions, intensive clinical interventions, and system changes to promote the treatment of tobacco dependence.
Progress in NeurobiologyNeuronal nicotinic receptors in the human brain
779 Citations2000David Paterson, Agneta Nordberg
The current knowledge on the nAChR subtypes in the human brain, their functional roles and neuropathological involvement is described.
Cochrane Database of Systematic ReviewsAntidepressants for smoking cessation
688 Citations2003JR Hughes, LF Stead +1 more
Some antidepressants (bupropion and nortriptyline) can aid smoking cessation, but it is not clear whether these effects are specific for individual drugs, or a class effect.
American Journal of PsychiatryNormalization of auditory physiology by cigarette smoking in schizophrenic patients
680 Citations1993Lawrence E. Adler, Lee Hoffer +2 more
It is suggested that cigarette smoking can transiently normalize the impairment of auditory sensory gating in schizophrenic patients.
Archives of General PsychiatryNicotine Dependence, Major Depression, and Anxiety in Young Adults
638 Citations1991Naomi Breslau
A random sample of 1007 young adults in the Detroit (Mich) area using the National Institute of Mental Health Diagnostic Interview Schedule, revised according to DSM-III-R, found persons with nicotine dependence had higher rates of major depression and anxiety disorders than nondependent smokers.
Cochrane Database of Systematic ReviewsAntidepressants for smoking cessation
570 Citations2007John R. Hughes, Lindsay F Stead +1 more
There is insufficient evidence that adding bupropion or nortriptyline to nicotine replacement therapy provides an additional long-term benefit, and the antidepressants buPropion and nortriptYline appear to be equally effective and of similar efficacy to Nicotine replacement therapy.
Reviews of physiology, biochemistry and pharmacologyNicotinic acetylcholine receptors: from structure to brain function
530 Citations2003R. C. Hogg, M. Raggenbass +1 more
Functional studies have revealed that nAChRs contribute to the control of resting membrane potential, modulation of synaptic transmission and mediation of fast excitatory transmission.
Archives of Internal MedicineAn Analysis of the Effectiveness of Interventions Intended to Help People Stop Smoking
462 Citations1995Malcolm Law
Following personal advice and encouragement to stop smoking given by physicians during a single routine consultation, an estimated 2% of all smokers stopped smoking and did not relapse up to 1 year as a direct consequence of the advice.
Archives of General PsychiatryNicotine Dependence and Major Depression
452 Citations1993Naomi Breslau
The prospective data suggest that the association between nicotine dependence and MDD might be either causal, with influences flowing in both directions, or, more probably, noncausal, reflecting the effects of common factors that predispose to both disorders.
Archives of General PsychiatryAssociation of Promoter Variants in the α7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Subunit Gene With an Inhibitory Deficit Found in Schizophrenia
440 Citations2002Sherry Leonard, Judith Gault +13 more
Although linkage disequilibrium with other genetic alterations cannot be excluded, the CHRNA7 core promoter variants, found in this study, may contribute to a common pathophysiologic feature of schizophrenia.
Biological PsychiatryNormalization by nicotine of deficient auditory sensory gating in the relatives of schizophrenics
412 Citations1992Lawrence E. Adler, Lee Hoffer +3 more
The results are consistent with the hypothesis that nicotinic cholinergic neurotransmission may mediate a familial psychophysiological deficit in schizophrenia.
NeuropsychopharmacologyAbnormal Regulation of High Affinity Nicotinic Receptors in Subjects with Schizophrenia
341 Citations2000Charles R. Breese
A significant increase in cortical nicotinic receptors was seen in both nicotine treated as well as haloperidol and nicotine co-treated animals, suggesting that the abnormal regulation of high affinity neuronal nicotinIC receptors in schizophrenics following nicotine use was not related to chronic neuroleptic treatment.
Biological PsychiatryA placebo controlled trial of bupropion for smoking cessation in schizophrenia
291 Citations2002Tony P. George, Jennifer C. Vessicchio +5 more
The results suggest that BUP enhances smoking abstinence rates compared with PLA in nicotine-dependent schizophrenic smokers; BUP is well-tolerated and safe for use in these patients; and atypical antipsychotics may enhance smoking cessation outcomes with BUP.
Journal of Clinical PsychopharmacologyInfluence of Dose, Cigarette Smoking, Age, Sex, and Metabolic Activity on Plasma Clozapine Concentrations
264 Citations2004Amin Rostami‐Hodjegan, Ajmal M. Amin +4 more
This model and its associated confidence intervals were used to develop nomograms of plasma clozapine concentration versus dose for male and female smokers and nonsmokers for quantitative evaluation of adherence by estimating the likelihood of an observed concentration being achieved by a given dosage regimen.
Schizophrenia BulletinNicotinic Receptor Function in Schizophrenia
263 Citations1996Sherry Leonard, Clifford A. Adams +13 more
Biochemical, molecular, and genetic studies of one such endophenotype, the P50 auditory-evoked potential gating deficit, suggest that one of the neuronal nicotinic receptors, the alpha 7 Nicotinic receptor, may function in an inhibitory neuronal pathway involved in this phenotype.
CNS DrugsSmoking in Patients Receiving Psychotropic Medications
251 Citations2001Hiral D. Desai, Julia Seabolt +1 more
Clinicians should consider smoking as an important factor in the disposition of these drugs, as smoking can affect the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of many psychotropic drugs.
Biological PsychiatryIncreased levels of the nicotine metabolite cotinine in schizophrenic smokers compared to other smokers
249 Citations1997Ann Olincy, David A. Young +1 more
Schizophrenic patients' higher dose of nicotine may target different receptors than those activated by the lower doses self-administered by most nonschizophrenic smokers, and high doses may activate low-affinity alpha-7 nicotinic receptors, associated with deficits in sensory inhibition in schizophrenia.
NeuropsychopharmacologyThe Effects of Transdermal Nicotine on Cognition in Nonsmokers with Schizophrenia and Nonpsychiatric Controls
239 Citations2007Ruth S. Barr, Melissa A. Culhane +9 more
Findings that a single dose of nicotine improves attention are confirmed and suggest that nicotine may specifically improve response inhibition in nonsmokers with schizophrenia are suggested.
American Journal of PsychiatryA Randomized Controlled Trial of a Smoking Cessation Intervention Among People With a Psychotic Disorder
239 Citations2006Amanda Baker, Robyn Richmond +6 more
Findings demonstrate the utility of a nicotine replacement therapy plus motivational interviewing/cognitive behavior therapy smoking cessation intervention among individuals with a psychotic disorder.
PubMedA clinical practice guideline for treating tobacco use and dependence: A US Public Health Service report. The Tobacco Use and Dependence Clinical Practice Guideline Panel, Staff, and Consortium Representatives.
237 Citations2000
This evidence-based, updated guideline provides specific recommendations regarding brief and intensive tobacco cessation interventions as well as system-level changes designed to promote the assessment and treatment of tobacco use.
Archives of General PsychiatryTobacco Consumption in Swedish Twins Reared Apart and Reared Together
213 Citations2000Kenneth S. Kendler, Laura M. Thornton +1 more
In women, the impact of genetic factors increased in more recent cohorts, suggesting that, as social restrictions on female tobacco use relaxed over time, heritable influences increased in importance.
Journal of Clinical PsychopharmacologyA Double-blind Placebo-Controlled Trial of Bupropion Sustained-Release for Smoking Cessation in Schizophrenia
204 Citations2005A. Eden Evins, Corinne Cather +8 more
It is concluded that bupropion does not worsen clinical symptoms of schizophrenia and is modestly effective for smoking cessation in patients with schizophrenia and the relapse rate is high after treatment discontinuation.
NeuropsychopharmacologyRole of Functional Genetic Variation in the Dopamine D2 Receptor (DRD2) in Response to Bupropion and Nicotine Replacement Therapy for Tobacco Dependence: Results of Two Randomized Clinical Trials
197 Citations2005Caryn Lerman, Christopher Jepson +9 more
It is suggested that bupropion may be the preferred pharmacologic treatment for smokers homozygous for the DRD2 − 141 Ins C allele, while NRT may be more beneficial for those who carry the Del C allele.
American Journal of PsychiatryDevelopment of Major Depression After Treatment for Smoking Cessation
191 Citations2000Janice Y. Tsoh, Gary L. Humfleet +4 more
Patients who achieved abstinence from smoking showed a risk of developing depressive episodes similar to those who failed to achieve abstinence, and patients who had a history of depression were more likely to experience depressive episodes after treatment for smoking cessation.
Nicotine & Tobacco ResearchA pilot trial of bupropion added to cognitive behavioral therapy for smoking cessation in schizophrenia
190 Citations2001A. Eden Evins, Virginia K. Mays +4 more
It is suggested that bupropion SR, 150 mg/day, combined with CBT, may facilitate smoking reduction in patients with schizophrenia while stabilizing psychiatric symptoms during a quit attempt.
Journal of Chemical NeuroanatomyNicotinic receptors in human brain: topography and pathology
180 Citations2000Jenny A. Court, Carmen Martín-Ruiz +2 more
Nicotinic therapy may be of benefit in a number of neurological conditions, however studies evaluating further both the distribution of specific subunit involvement and the correlation of nAChR deficits with clinical symptoms are required to inform therapeutic strategy.
Journal of Clinical PsychopharmacologyA 12-Week Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study of Bupropion SR Added to High-Dose Dual Nicotine Replacement Therapy for Smoking Cessation or Reduction in Schizophrenia
179 Citations2007A. Eden Evins, Corinne Cather +9 more
Study of longer term treatment with combination pharmacotherapy and CBT for sustained abstinence is warranted in those who attain initial abstinence with this intervention, because abstinence rates were high during treatment withCombustion and relapse rates were very high during taper and after discontinuation of treatment.
PharmacogeneticsThe effect of smoking and cytochrome P450 CYP1A2 genetic polymorphism on clozapine clearance and dose requirement
175 Citations2003Jan van der Weide, Linda S. W. Steijns +1 more
The results show that clozapine clearance and daily dose requirement are strongly associated with smoking behaviour, while the CYP1A2 genetic polymorphism seems to have no significant clinical effect.
PubMedCigarette smoking among adults--United States, 2004.
174 Citations2005
To further decrease smoking prevalence among adults and to meet the national health objective, effective comprehensive tobacco-control programs that address both initiation and cessation of smoking should be fully implemented in every state and territory.
Molecular PsychiatrySusceptibility genes for nicotine dependence: a genome scan and followup in an independent sample suggest that regions on chromosomes 2, 4, 10, 16, 17 and 18 merit further study
155 Citations1999Richard E. Straub, Patrick F. Sullivan +12 more
The presence in the Christchurch scan of multiple large regions containing many consecutive positive markers, coupled with the relatively positive results in these same regions in the Richmond sample, suggests that some of these regions may contain genes influencing nicotine dependence and therefore deserve further study.
Schizophrenia BulletinSmoking and Vulnerability for Schizophrenia
147 Citations1996José de León
The increased early onset suggests that familial factors may increase the prevalence of smoking even among patients who have not yet shown psychotic symptoms, and it is hypothesized that smoking among family members in families with genetic loading for schizophrenia may be a marker for those at risk of developing schizophrenia.
PharmacogeneticsGenetic variation in dopaminergic pathways and short-term effectiveness of the nicotine patch
142 Citations2004Elaine Johnstone, P Yudkin +6 more
The results support the need for further investigation into personalized therapies for smoking cessation based on individual genotype and suggest short-term effectiveness of the nicotine patch may be related to dopamine beta-hydroxylase and dopamine D2 receptor genotype.
Molecular PsychiatryInteracting effects of the serotonin transporter gene and neuroticism in smoking practices and nicotine dependence
140 Citations2000Caryn Lerman, Neil E. Caporaso +4 more
Assessment of 5-HTTLPR genotype and neuroticism may help to identify smokers who are more responsive to psychotropic medications, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), which are being used in smoking cessation treatment.
Therapeutic Drug MonitoringGenetic Variation in CYP2A6-Mediated Nicotine Metabolism Alters Smoking Behavior
131 Citations2002Rachel F. Tyndale, Edward M. Sellers
It was shown that inhibiting CYP2A6 in vivo results in decreased smoking, making nicotine orally bioavailable, and the rerouting of procarcinogens to detoxifying pathways (20–22).
Drug and Alcohol DependenceCigarette smoking topography in smokers with schizophrenia and matched non-psychiatric controls
129 Citations2005Jennifer W. Tidey, Damaris J. Rohsenow +2 more
It is suggested that smokers with schizophrenia smoke more intensely than matched non-psychiatric smokers and that their smoking behavior is reliable when assessed under laboratory conditions.
PsychosomaticsThe Dosing of Atypical Antipsychotics
124 Citations2005José de León, Scott C. Armstrong +1 more
Drug-drug interactions or genetic variability may require using doses different from those recommended for atypical antipsychotics, and genetic variations of cytochrome P450 2D6 and/or CYP3A or induction may be important for risperidone, and perhaps for aripiprazole, dosing.
American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B Neuropsychiatric GeneticsElucidating the role of genetic factors in smoking behavior and nicotine dependence
115 Citations2003Caryn Lerman, Wade H. Berrettini
An overview of currently available data from genetics research on smoking behavior is provided and study design issues to be addressed to make progress in this line of research are discussed.
Neuroscience LettersHuman post-mortem striatal α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor density in schizophrenia and Parkinson's syndrome
111 Citations2000Núria Durany, Robert Zöchling +8 more
Current Medical Research and OpinionNicotinic receptors and schizophrenia
107 Citations2004Nadège Ripoll, Marie Grall‐Bronnec +1 more
This review assesses the involvement of the nicotinic system in schizophrenia and suggests ways in which this system may participate in the pathophysiology of this disease.
American Journal of PsychiatryEffects of Sustained-Release Bupropion and Supportive Group Therapy on Cigarette Consumption in Patients With Schizophrenia
103 Citations2001Elaine Weiner, M. Patricia Ball +3 more
Use of sustained-release bupropion in combination with supportive group therapy may help patients with schizophrenia decrease their cigarette consumption.
Biological PsychiatryCatechol-O-Methyltransferase (COMT) Gene Variants Predict Response to Bupropion Therapy for Tobacco Dependence
93 Citations2006Wade H. Berrettini, E. Paul Wileyto +6 more
ComT haplotypes at rs737865 and rs165599 may predict a favorable outcome for bupropion treatment for smoking cessation, and European-American smokers with a G allele at both SNPs may not benefit from buPropion treatment.
Pharmacology & ToxicologyClozapine Serum Concentrations are Lower in Smoking than in Non‐Smoking Schizophrenic Patients
92 Citations1999Niko Seppälä, Esa Leìnonen +2 more
It is concluded that dosage adjustment may be necessary in clozapine-treated smokers, probably due to an inducing effect of smoking on the cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A2, which is involved in the metabolism of clozAPine.
The Journal of Clinical PsychiatryTwo-Year Follow-Up of a Smoking Cessation Trial in Patients With Schizophrenia
87 Citations2004A. Eden Evins, Corinne Cather +5 more
The results from this naturalistic study suggest that behavior changes achieved in smoking cessation programs for patients with schizophrenia may be durable and may predict future smoking behavior.
PubMedIncluding smoking status as a new vital sign: it works!
84 Citations1995Mark D. Robinson, Stéphane Laurent +1 more
NeuropsychopharmacologyEffects of Nicotine on Leading Saccades during Smooth Pursuit Eye Movements in Smokers and Nonsmokers with Schizophrenia
81 Citations2003Matthew T. Avila, Jay D. Sherr +3 more
The study results support a functional role of nA Ch receptors in improving eye-tracking performance, and are consistent with the hypothesis, articulated by several investigators, that nACh receptor system abnormalities are responsible for a number of schizophrenia-related neurophysiological deficits.
Australian & New Zealand Journal of PsychiatryA Brief Measure of High Nicotine Dependence for Busy Clinicians and Large Epidemiological Surveys
81 Citations2005Francisco J. Díaz, Mireia Jané +5 more
It is verified that a cut-off of 4 for the HSI is appropriate and that the ‘high’ HSI has good sensitivity and specificity even across different population subclassifications.
Psychiatry ResearchDifferential effects of cigarette smoking on performance of a smooth pursuit and a saccadic eye movement task in schizophrenia
76 Citations2003Ann Olincy, Lynn Johnson +1 more
Compared the failure of saccadic inhibition demonstrated in two different eye movement tasks, to see if either deficit, like the P50 inhibitory deficit, was normalized by nicotine, and leading saccades demonstrated a significant group x time x smoking interaction.
Psychiatric ServicesNegative Effects of a Smoking Ban on an Inpatient Psychiatry Service
69 Citations1991Michael Greeman, Thomas A. McClellan
The authors recommend that inpatient settings where smoking is banned should accommodate patients who cannot tolerate abrupt smoking cessation by providing smoking areas or allowing off-unit smoking breaks.
International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and TherapeuticsA review of the pharmacological and psychopharmacological aspects of smoking and smoking cessation in psychiatric patients
68 Citations2002Knut-Olaf Haustein, Steven M. Haffner +1 more
The data indicate that strategies such as the coupling of smoking prohibition with administration of nicotine preparations are useful in smoking cessation, and that a no-smoking policy in psychiatric clinics has no negative effect on mental illness.
Schizophrenia ResearchEffect of smoking on neuroleptics in schizophrenia
64 Citations1997Raimo K. R. Salokangas, Simo Saarijãrvi +5 more
Smoking seems to lead to increased neuroleptic dosages in postmenopausal schizophrenics by increasing hepatic metabolism and renal excretion of the drugs and possibly enhancing dopamine release.
American Journal of PsychiatryA Randomized Controlled Trial of a Smoking Cessation Intervention Among People With a Psychotic Disorder
64 Citations2006Amanda Baker
Genetic EpidemiologyInfluence of genes and family environment on adult smoking behavior assessed in an adoption study
56 Citations2001Merete Osler, Claus Holst +2 more
This study of smoking behavior in adult adoptees and their biological and adoptee family supports the finding in twin studies of a genetic influence on smoking within the same generation.
Biological PsychiatryEffects of Nicotine on Hippocampal and Cingulate Activity During Smooth Pursuit Eye Movement in Schizophrenia
55 Citations2005Jody Tanabe, Jason R. Tregellas +2 more
Nicotine may improve SPEM performance in people with schizophrenia through cholinergic stimulation of the hippocampus and cingulate gyrus through potential mechanisms include improved inhibitory function and attention.
American Journal of PsychiatryfMRI of Response to Nicotine During a Smooth Pursuit Eye Movement Task in Schizophrenia
54 Citations2005Jason R. Tregellas, Jody Tanabe +2 more
Nicotine temporarily normalizes smooth pursuit eye movement deficits in schizophrenia and changes in area MT/MST and the cingulate gyrus are consistent with an improvement in perception and attention to moving stimuli.
PubMedImpact of a smoking ban on a locked psychiatric unit.
48 Citations1996Ellen Haller, Dale E. McNiel +1 more
It was found that staff anticipated negative consequences to a total smoking ban; however, their attitudes changed after it began, and although patients were not in favor of it, they felt less negative over time.
The Journal of Clinical PsychiatryVariables Associated With Alcohol, Drug, and Daily Smoking Cessation in Patients With Severe Mental Illnesses
43 Citations2005José de León, Margaret T. Susce +3 more
Cessation of daily smoking was associated with hypertension, late start of treatment with psychiatric medications, and lack of lifetime drug abuse, while alcohol use disorder, schizophrenia diagnosis, and obesity were significantly associated with drug cessation.
Schizophrenia ResearchDoes smoking reduce akathisia? Testing a narrow version of the self-medication hypothesis
41 Citations2006José de León, Francisco J. Díaz +3 more
The self-medication hypothesis does not explain increased smoking and heavy smoking in schizophrenia, Moreover, heavy smoking may be associated with more disturbed brain homeostatic mechanisms.
Psychiatric ServicesA two-year follow-up on the effects of a smoking ban in an inpatient psychiatric service
41 Citations1996José Antonio Noguera Velasco, Tracy D. Eells +5 more
The effects of prohibiting cigarette smoking on the behavior of patients on a 25-bed psychiatric inpatient unit were assessed immediately after implementation of a smoking ban and two years later.
Behavioural Brain ResearchAnabasine, a selective nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist, antagonizes MK-801-elicited mouse popping behavior, an animal model of schizophrenia
39 Citations2004John Mastropaolo, Richard B. Rosse +1 more
Compounds that attenuate MK-801-elicited behaviors, which are identified in this animal model, may have the potential to treat schizophrenia, including deficit and cognitive symptoms.
General Hospital PsychiatryThe feasibility of smoking bans on psychiatric units
39 Citations1993Noel E. Taylor, Richard N. Rosenthal +7 more
Data indicate that smoking can be stopped on inpatient psychiatry units without increases in unit disruption or adverse effects on staff morale, and a significant change in staff attitude toward supporting the ban is demonstrated.
Therapeutic Drug MonitoringSerum Levels of Olanzapine and Its N-desmethyl and 2-hydroxymethyl Metabolites in Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Disorders: Effects of Dose, Diagnosis, Age, Sex, Smoking, and Comedication
38 Citations2006Frank Theisen, Michael Haberhausen +5 more
Assessment of dose-related steady-state serum concentrations of olanzapine and its metabolites N-desmethyl OLZ (DMO) and 2-hydroxymethyl OLz (2-OH-OLZ) (assessed by high-performance liquid chromatography) in 122 child and adolescent psychiatric patients revealed that 46% of the variation of OLZ concentration can be explained by dose, diagnosis, age, sex, smoking, and comedication.
Australian & New Zealand Journal of PsychiatryGrey Lungs and Blue Moods: Smoking Cessation in the Context of Lifetime Depression History
33 Citations2004Kay Wilhelm, Kay Wilhelm +3 more
There is a complex and circular relationship between depression, smoking and medical illness that complicates smoking cessation in those who have a history of depression, which requires a multimodal approach to assist with mood regulation and nicotine withdrawal.
Annals of Emergency Medicine“Should I Give You My Smoking Lecture Now or Later?” Characterizing Emergency Physician Smoking Discussions and Cessation Counseling
30 Citations2006Natalie I. Vokes, Jeannine M. Bailey +1 more
Emergency physicians were likely to gather information about smoking but not to counsel or advise patients to quit, raising the question of whether emergency medicine resident training should include additional emphasis on smoking cessation counseling and motivational interviewing techniques.
Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health ServicesHOSPITAL PSYCHIATRIC UNITS: Nonsmoking Policies
22 Citations1993B R Beemer
When Vancouver General Hospital implemented a complete indoor nonsmoking policy on its psychiatric assessment and inpatient psychiatry units, workplace conditions noticeably improved, and some long-standing beliefs about psychiatric patients were disproved.
Behaviour Research and TherapyRisk factors and their effects on the dynamic process of smoking relapse among veteran smokers
19 Citations2005Yong Cui, Wanqing Wen +2 more
Identifying risk factors for smoking relapse and the influence of these factors on the dynamic relapse process in an outpatient smoking cessation program for veterans will be useful in targeting veteran smokers who are at high risk for relapse, choosing the optimal time for post-cessation services, and developing strategies accordingly.
PubMedA smoking cessation intervention program for family physicians.
19 Citations1987Douglas Wilson, Elizabeth A. Lindsay +4 more
A cessation program developed for family physicians that incorporates advice to quit, information about the risks of smoking and techniques for quitting, nicotine gum, setting a date for quitting and offers of supportive follow-up visits is described.
Journal of Dual DiagnosisEpidemiology of Comorbid Tobacco Use and Schizophrenia: Thinking About Risks and Protective Factors
17 Citations2007José de León, Manuel Gurpegui +1 more
A meta-analytic review demonstrated that schizophrenia is consistently and strongly associated with current tobacco smoking with a world average odds ratio of 5.3 (95% confidence interval, CI 4.9–5.7).
Australian & New Zealand Journal of PsychiatryA brief measure of high nicotine dependence for busy clinicians and large epidemiological surveys
10 Citations2005Francisco J. Díaz, Mireia Jané +5 more
It is verified that a cut-off of 4 for the HSI is appropriate and that the 'high' HSI has good sensitivity and specificity even across different population subclassifications.
Australian & New Zealand Journal of PsychiatryGrey lungs and blue moods: smoking cessation in the context of lifetime depression history
7 Citations2004Kay Wilhelm, Karen D. Arnold +2 more
There is a complex and circular relationship between depression, smoking and medical illness that complicates smoking cessation in those who have a history of depression.
…