Health Consequences of Work–Family Conflict: The Dark Side of the Work–Family Interface
Research in occupational stress and well beingPublished 20 December 2005
Jeffrey H. Greenhaus, Tammy D. Allen, Paul E. Spector
Citations339
Generate an AI Snapshot to get a quick, structured summary of this paper.
Study Snapshot
ObjectiveStudy objective
MethodsResearch methodology
PopulationPopulation studied
Sample sizeSample sizes
OutcomesStudy outcomes here
ResultsStudy results comes here
LimitationsResearch study limitations comes here
A concise AI-generated summary of the paper will appear here once you click Generate AI Snapshot.
Abstract
In this chapter, we review the literature on the relationship of work-family conflict with health outcomes and well-being. We discuss the meaning of work-family conflict and then present a theoretical model that depicts the psychological process by which work-family conflict affects negative emotions, dissatisfaction with life and its component roles, health-related behavior, and physical health. We conclude with suggestions regarding the development of a future research agenda.
Keywords
PsychologySocial Sciences
Psychological BulletinStress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis.
17,063 Citations1985Sheldon Cohen, Thomas A. Wills
There is evidence consistent with both main effect and main effect models for social support, but each represents a different process through which social support may affect well-being.
Psychological BulletinSubjective well-being: Three decades of progress.
11,228 Citations1999Ed Diener, Eunkook M. Suh +2 more
Journal of Personality and Social PsychologyIf it changes it must be a process: Study of emotion and coping during three stages of a college examination.
4,034 Citations1985Susan Folkman, Richard S. Lazarus
Journal of Applied PsychologyDevelopment and validation of work–family conflict and family–work conflict scales.
3,610 Citations1996Richard G. Netemeyer, James S. Boles +1 more
Journal of Vocational BehaviorConstruction and Initial Validation of a Multidimensional Measure of Work–Family Conflict
2,404 Citations2000Dawn S. Carlson, K. Michele Kacmar +1 more
Journal of Vocational BehaviorWork and family research in IO/OB: Content analysis and review of the literature (1980–2002)
2,021 Citations2004Lillian T. Eby, Wendy J. Casper +3 more
Journal of Vocational BehaviorThe relation between work–family balance and quality of life
1,974 Citations2003Jeffrey H. Greenhaus, Karen M. Collins +1 more
Journal of Occupational Health PsychologyConsequences associated with work-to-family conflict: A review and agenda for future research.
1,961 Citations2000Tammy D. Allen, David Herst +2 more
A comprehensive review of the outcomes associated with work-to-family conflict was conducted and effect sizes were estimated and an agenda for future research was provided.
Journal of Vocational BehaviorFamily-Supportive Work Environments: The Role of Organizational Perceptions
1,876 Citations2001Tammy D. Allen
Journal of Applied PsychologyImpact of family-supportive work variables on work-family conflict and strain: A control perspective.
1,796 Citations1995L Thomas, Daniel C. Ganster
Annual Review of PsychologyOrganizational Behavior: Affect in the Workplace
1,767 Citations2002Arthur P. Brief, Howard M. Weiss
Even though recent interest in affect in the workplace has been intense, many theoretical and methodological opportunities and challenges remain.
Journal of Applied PsychologyWork–family conflict, policies, and the job–life satisfaction relationship: A review and directions for organizational behavior–human resources research.
1,758 Citations1998Ellen Ernst Kossek, Cynthia Ozeki
Academy of Management ReviewMechanisms Linking Work and Family: Clarifying the Relationship Between Work and Family Constructs
1,757 Citations2000Jeffrey R. Edwards, Nancy P. Rothbard
Journal of Occupational Health PsychologyDevelopment of four self-report measures of job stressors and strain: Interpersonal Conflict at Work Scale, Organizational Constraints Scale, Quantitative Workload Inventory, and Physical Symptoms Inventory.
1,723 Citations1998Paul E. Spector, Steve M. Jex
3 job stressor scales (Interpersonal Conflict at Work Scale, Organizational Constraints Scale, and Quantitative Workload Inventory) and 1 job strain scale (Physical Symptoms Inventory).
Journal of Vocational BehaviorWhen Work–Family Benefits Are Not Enough: The Influence of Work–Family Culture on Benefit Utilization, Organizational Attachment, and Work–Family Conflict
1,702 Citations1999Cynthia A. Thompson, Laura L. Beauvais +1 more
American Sociological ReviewMultiple Roles and Role Strain: Some Notes on Human Energy, Time and Commitment
1,588 Citations1977Stephen R. Marks
Journal of Vocational BehaviorCounterproductive Work Behavior (CWB) in Response to Job Stressors and Organizational Justice: Some Mediator and Moderator Tests for Autonomy and Emotions
1,416 Citations2001Suzy Fox, Paul E. Spector +1 more
Journal of Vocational BehaviorThe Conservation of Resources Model Applied to Work–Family Conflict and Strain
1,370 Citations1999Alicia A. Grandey, Russell Cropanzano
Journal of Vocational BehaviorThe Role of Social Support in the Process of Work Stress: A Meta-Analysis
1,311 Citations1999Chockalingam Viswesvaran, Juan I. Sánchez +1 more
Archives of Internal MedicineEffects of Exercise Training on Older Patients With Major Depression
1,263 Citations1999James A. Blumenthal, Michael A. Babyak +10 more
After 16 weeks of treatment exercise was equally effective in reducing depression among patients with MDD, and an exercise training program may be considered an alternative to antidepressants for treatment of depression in older persons.
American PsychologistWomen, men, work, and family: An expansionist theory.
1,188 Citations2001Rosalind C. Barnett, Janet Shibley Hyde
The authors attempt to fill this theoretical gap by reviewing the research literature and articulating an expansionist theory of gender, work, and family that includes four empirically derived and empirically testable principles better matched to today's realities.
Journal of Applied PsychologyRelationships of job and family involvement, family social support, and work–family conflict with job and life satisfaction.
1,137 Citations1996Gary A. Adams, Lynda A. King +1 more
Journal of Occupational and Organizational PsychologyRelation of work–family conflict to health outcomes: A four‐year longitudinal study of employed parents
902 Citations1997Michael R. Frone, Marcia Russell +1 more
Social Psychology QuarterlyOn Merging Identity Theory and Stress Research
899 Citations1991Peggy A. Thoits
Journal of ManagementFormal Organizational Initiatives and Informal Workplace Practices: Links to Work-Family Conflict and Job-Related Outcomes
898 Citations2002Stella E. Anderson, Betty S. Coffey +1 more
Organizational Behavior and Human PerformanceA model of work, family, and interrole conflict: A construct validation study
843 Citations1983Richard E. Kopelman, Jeffrey H. Greenhaus +1 more
Journal of Vocational BehaviorConsidering the role of personality in the work–family experience: Relationships of the big five to work–family conflict and facilitation
833 Citations2003Julie Holliday Wayne, Nicholas Musisca +1 more
Journal of Vocational BehaviorWork and Family Variables, Entrepreneurial Career Success, and Psychological Well-Being
821 Citations1996Saroj Parasuraman, Yasmin S. Purohit +2 more
Journal of Occupational Health PsychologyUsing the Job-Related Affective Well-Being Scale (JAWS) to investigate affective responses to work stressors.
808 Citations2000Paul T. Van Katwyk, Suzy Fox +2 more
Research linking job stressors to a wide range of affective states at work and the Job-Related Affective Well-Being Scale is described, which was found to be related to measures ofJob stressors as well as job satisfaction and physical symptoms.
Journal of Organizational BehaviorType of employment, work–family conflict and well‐being: a comparative study
793 Citations2001Saroj Parasuraman, Claire A. Simmers
Journal of Marriage and the FamilyMultiple Roles and the Self: A Theory of Role Balance
787 Citations1996Stephen R. Marks, Shelley MacDermid Wadsworth
Industrial Relations A Journal of Economy and SocietyHuman Resources Practices as Predictors of Work‐Family Outcomes and Employee Turnover
748 Citations2003Rosemary Batt, P. Monique Valcour
Journal of Applied PsychologyWork–family conflict and employee psychiatric disorders: The national comorbidity survey.
733 Citations2000Michael R. Frone
Depending on the type of work-family conflict and type of disorder, employees who reported experiencing work- family conflict often were 1.99-29.66 times more likely to experience a clinically significant mental health problem, and no support was found for gender differences.
Academy of Management JournalROLE STRESSORS, MOOD SPILLOVER, AND PERCEPTIONS OF WORK-FAMILY CONFLICT IN EMPLOYED PARENTS.
694 Citations1994Kevin Jon Williams, George M. Alliger
Human RelationsAntecedents and Outcomes of Work-Family Conflict Among Employed Women and Men in Finland
693 Citations1998Ulla Kinnunen, Saija Mauno
Health PsychologyRelationships Between Perceived Stress and Health Behaviors in a Sample of Working Adults.
663 Citations2003Debbie M. Ng, Robert W. Jeffery
Ass associations between perceived stress and fat intake, exercise, alcohol consumption, and smoking behaviors are examined to suggest that the association between stress and disease may be moderated in part by unhealthy behaviors.
Journal of Organizational BehaviorWork‐home conflict among nurses and engineers: Mediating the impact of role stress on burnout and satisfaction at work
659 Citations1991Samuel B. Bacharach, Peter Bamberger +1 more
Journal of Applied PsychologyWork time, work interference with family, and psychological distress.
658 Citations2002Virginia Smith Major, Katherine J. Klein +1 more
A model of the predictors of work time and the relationships between time, work interference with family (WIF).
Journal of Vocational BehaviorThe loss spiral of work pressure, work–home interference and exhaustion: Reciprocal relations in a three-wave study
656 Citations2003Evangelia Demerouti, Arnold B. Bakker +1 more
Journal of Marriage and the FamilyWork, Family, and Mental Health: Testing Different Models of Work‐Family Fit
625 Citations2003Joseph G. Grzywacz, Brenda L. Bass
Journal of Applied PsychologyRelation of job stressors to affective, health, and performance outcomes: A comparison of multiple data sources.
606 Citations1988Paul E. Spector, Daniel J. Dwyer +1 more
Dans le cadre des recherches sur l'effet des stress de la vie professionnelle, les auteurs evaluent les relations avec les rapports d'un superviseur and avec the estimations du stress par l'employe lui-meme.
Human RelationsProcesses Linking Work and Family: A Critical Review and Research Agenda
579 Citations1990Susan J. Lambert
Journal of Organizational BehaviorRole stressors, social support, and well‐being among two‐career couples
574 Citations1992Saroj Parasuraman, Jeffrey H. Greenhaus +1 more
Journal of ManagementWork–family conflict in the organization: do life role values make a difference?
559 Citations2000Danniel J. Carlson
Journal of Vocational BehaviorConvergence between measures of work-to-family and family-to-work conflict: A meta-analytic examination
539 Citations2004Jessica Mesmer‐Magnus, Chockalingam Viswesvaran
Cognition & EmotionKnowledge and Appraisal in the Cognition—Emotion Relationship
492 Citations1988Richard S. Lazarus, Craig A. Smith
Journal of Vocational BehaviorRole Stressors, Interrole Conflict, and Well-Being: The Moderating Influence of Spousal Support and Coping Behaviors among Employed Parents in Hong Kong
467 Citations1999Samuel Aryee, Vivienne Luk +2 more
Journal of ManagementOutcomes of Work-Family Conflict Among Married Male and Female Professionals
458 Citations1988Arthur G. Bedeian, Beverly G. Burke +1 more
Personnel PsychologyA CROSS‐NATIONAL COMPARATIVE STUDY OF WORK‐FAMILY STRESSORS, WORKING HOURS, AND WELL‐BEING: CHINA AND LATIN AMERICA VERSUS THE ANGLO WORLD
456 Citations2004Paul E. Spector, Cary L. Cooper +8 more
Administrative Science QuarterlyA Model of Coping with Role Conflict: The Role Behavior of College Educated Women
437 Citations1972Douglas T. Hall
Journal of Occupational Health PsychologyThe Longitudinal Effects of Work-Family Conflict and Positive Spillover on Depressive Symptoms Among Dual-Earner Couples.
428 Citations2005Leslie B. Hammer, Jennifer Cullen +3 more
Positive spillover has a stronger impact on depression than does work-family conflict, and the effects of spouses' positive spillover were more strongly related to decreased depression than were the results of one's ownpositive spillover.
Journal of Vocational BehaviorWork–Family Conflict in Dual-Earner Couples: Within-Individual and Crossover Effects of Work and Family
417 Citations1997Leslie B. Hammer, Elizabeth S. Allen +1 more
Journal of ManagementA Cross-Cultural Test of a Model of the Work-Family Interface
404 Citations1999Samuel Aryee, Dail Fields +1 more
Organizational Behavior and Human Decision ProcessesWhen work and family collide: Deciding between competing role demands
398 Citations2003Jeffrey H. Greenhaus, Gary N. Powell
Journal of Applied PsychologyNegative affectivity as the underlying cause of correlations between stressors and strains.
396 Citations1991Peter Y. Chen, Paul E. Spector
The extent to which negative affectivity (NA), the tendency to experience a wide range of negative emotions, inflated correlations between chronic job stressors and strains was examined and did not account for much of the variance shared by stressor and affective strains.
Journal of Applied PsychologyJob and life attitudes of male executives.
391 Citations1994Timothy A. Judge, John W. Boudreau +1 more
These results--the first to simultaneously consider job satisfaction, life satisfaction, job stress, and work-family conflict--constitute the most comprehensive evidence to date on executive attitudes.
Journal of Vocational BehaviorThe relative contribution of formal and informal organizational work–family support
389 Citations2004Scott Behson
Journal of Occupational Health PsychologyWork-family conflict, gender, and health-related outcomes: A study of employed parents in two community samples.
383 Citations1996Michael R. Frone, Marcia M. Russell +1 more
Journal of Applied PsychologyWorking 61 plus hours a week: Why do managers do it?
372 Citations2003Jeanne M. Brett, Linda K. Stroh
Investigation of why some managers work extreme hours found findings in a small sample of managerial women were consistent with the work-leisure trade-off hypothesis, the social contagion hypothesis, and the work as its own reward hypothesis.
Journal of Applied PsychologyTime devoted to job and off-job activities, interrole conflict, and affective experiences.
370 Citations1992Michael P. O’Driscoll, Daniel R. Ilgen +1 more
American Journal of Health PromotionWork-Family Spillover and Health during Midlife: Is Managing Conflict Everything?
365 Citations2000Joseph G. Grzywacz
Health promotion or employment programs and policies may need to focus on minimizing negative spillover between work and family and promoting positive spillover from family to work.
The Journal of Applied Behavioral ScienceWork, Home, and In-Between: A Longitudinal Study of Spillover
353 Citations1996Michael P. Leiter, M. Josette R. Durup
Social ForcesRole Overload, Role Conflict, and Stress: Addressing Consequences of Multiple Role Demands
339 Citations1989Shelley Coverman
Journal of Vocational BehaviorSources of work-family conflict among two-career couples
324 Citations1989Jeffrey H. Greenhaus, Saroj Parasuraman +3 more
Journal of Marriage and the FamilyExercise Time: Gender Differences in the Effects of Marriage, Parenthood, and Employment
323 Citations2004Kei Nomaguchi, Suzanne M. Bianchi
International Journal of EpidemiologyThe association of job strain and health behaviours in men and women
313 Citations1997Wendy L. Hellerstedt, Robert W. Jeffery
Overall, self-reported job demands, latitude, and job strain were associated with some CVD-related health characteristics, but the effects were not similar in magnitude or direction for all characteristics and they varied by sex.
Journal of Vocational BehaviorThe relationship between big five personality traits, negative affectivity, type A behavior, and work–family conflict
313 Citations2003Carly S. Bruck, Tammy D. Allen
Journal of Applied PsychologyReduction of Work-Family Conflict Through the Use of Selection, Optimization, and Compensation Behaviors.
312 Citations2003Boris B. Baltes, Heather A. Heydens-Gahir
Results suggest that the use of general SOC behaviors in both the work and family domains are related to lower amounts of job and family stressors and subsequently higher amounts of WIF conflict and FIW conflict.
Journal of Occupational Health PsychologyStress and workload of men and women in high-ranking positions.
309 Citations1999Ulf Lundberg, Marianne Frankenhaeuser
Journal of Organizational Behavior ManagementA Work-Nonwork Interactive Perspective of Stress and Its Consequences
300 Citations1987Jeffrey H. Greenhaus, Saroj Parasuraman
Journal of Organizational BehaviorStress on and off the job as related to sex and occupational status in white‐collar workers
297 Citations1989Marianne Frankenhaeuser, Ulf Lundberg +7 more
Journal of Organizational BehaviorCrossover of stress, strain and resources from one spouse to another
296 Citations1995Mina Westman, Dalia Etzion
The Journal of Social PsychologyWork-Family Conflict, Work- and Family-Role Salience, and Women's Well-Being
291 Citations2004Noraini M. Noor
The author observed a direct effect of role salience in the prediction of job satisfaction; work salience was positively related to job satisfaction, over and above the main-effect terms of work-interfering-with-family (WIF) conflict and family-interFering- with-work (FIW) conflict.
Academy of Management ReviewAllocation of Investment in Work and Family Roles: Alternative Theories and Implications for Research
290 Citations1991Sharon A. Lobel
International Journal of Stress ManagementFamily-responsive interventions, perceived organizational and supervisor support, work-family conflict, and psychological strain.
289 Citations2003Michael P. O’Driscoll, Steven Poelmans +5 more
Journal of Marriage and the FamilyFamily, Work, Work‐Family Spillover, and Problem Drinking During Midlife
287 Citations2000Joseph G. Grzywacz, Nadine F. Marks
Journal of Business and PsychologyWork-Family Conflict and Work-Related Withdrawal Behaviors
285 Citations2003Leslie B. Hammer, Talya N. Bauer +1 more
Journal of Vocational BehaviorDoes Work–Home Interference mediate the relationship between workload and well-being?
283 Citations2003Sabine A. E. Geurts, Michiel A. J. Kompier +2 more
Health PsychologyPathways linking affective disturbances and physical disorders.
278 Citations1995Sheldon Cohen, Mario Rodriguez
The authors propose heuristic models of how co-occurrences of psychological and physical disorders are developed and maintained and specify biological, behavioral, cognitive, and social pathways that may account for comorbidity.
Human RelationsUnraveling the Relationship of Distress Levels Within Couples: Common Stressors, Empathic Reactions, or Crossover via Social Interaction?
278 Citations1998Mina Westman, Amiram D. Vinokur
Journal of Occupational Health PsychologyExpanding the Psychosocial Work Environment: Workplace Norms and Work-Family Conflict as Correlates of Stress and Health.
273 Citations2003Tove Helland Hammer, Per Øystein Saksvik +3 more
Examination of contributions of organizational level norms about work requirements and social relations, and work-family conflict, to job stress and subjective health symptoms in a sample of 1,346 employees from 56 firms in the Norwegian food and beverage industry showed that organizational norms governing work performance and social relation explained significant amounts of variance for job stress.
Journal of Marriage and the FamilyToward a Multidimensional Assessment of Work Spillover into Family Life
269 Citations1990Stephen Small, Dave Riley
Review of Social EconomyWho Are the Overworked Americans?
267 Citations1998Jerry A. Jacobs, Kathleen Green
Journal of Vocational BehaviorNegative Affectivity, Role Stress, and Work–Family Conflict
258 Citations2002Albena Z. Stoeva, Randy K. Chiu +1 more
Social Science & MedicineSandwiching it in: spillover of work onto food choices and family roles in low- and moderate-income urban households
256 Citations2002Carol M. Devine, Margaret Connors +2 more
A broad conceptualization of the relationship of work to food choices is focused on in which the demands and resources of the work role are viewed as they spill over into the social and temporal context of other roles and values.
Journal of Organizational BehaviorWork—family conflict: A comparison of dual‐career and traditional‐career men
250 Citations1992Christopher A. Higgins, Linda Duxbury
Journal of Occupational and Organizational PsychologyJob stressors, job involvement and employee health: A test of identity theory
237 Citations1995Michael R. Frone, Marcia Russell +1 more
Journal of Occupational and Environmental MedicineAntecedents and Consequences of Work–Family Conflict: A Prospective Cohort Study
227 Citations2003Nicole Jansen, IJmert Kant +2 more
Work–family conflict was shown to be a strong risk factor for the onset of elevated need for recovery from work and fatigue and the personal consequences of work-family conflict were examined.
Work & StressDaily consequences of work interference with family and family interference with work
226 Citations1994Karyl E. MacEwen, Julian Barling
Personnel ReviewCoping with multiple dimensions of work‐family conflict
220 Citations2003Denise M. Rotondo, Dawn S. Carlson +1 more
Journal of Vocational BehaviorSubjective Career Success and Emotional Well-Being: Longitudinal Predictive Power of Selection, Optimization, and Compensation
214 Citations2002Bettina S. Wiese, Alexandra M. Freund +1 more
Journal of Applied PsychologyMultiple role juggling and daily mood states in working mothers: An experience sampling study.
204 Citations1991Kevin J. Williams, Jerry Suls +3 more
Results reflect the complex nature of psychological adjustment to multiple role occupancy and show that mood states tended to spill over from one episode to the next within a day, but contrast effects were found across days.
Journal of ManagementThe Relationship Between Work/Nonwork Role Conflict and Job-Related Outcomes: Some Unanticipated Findings
203 Citations1987Donna L. Wiley
Journal of Occupational Health PsychologyWork-family conflict, spouse support, and nursing staff well-being during organizational restructuring.
195 Citations1999Ronald J. Burke, Esther R. Greenglass
Journal of Vocational BehaviorWork-Family Conflict and the Stress-Buffering Effects of Husband Support and Coping Behavior among Japanese Married Working Women
194 Citations1995Tamao Matsui, Takeshi Ohsawa +1 more
Social Psychology QuarterlyWork-Family Conflict and Marital Quality: Mediating Processes
191 Citations1996Lisa S. Matthews, Rand D. Conger +1 more
…