How can we boost IQs of “dull children”?: A late adoption study
Proceedings of the National Academy of SciencesPublished 20 July 1999Open access
M. Duyme, Annick‐Camille Dumaret, S Tomkiewicz
Citations227
Generate an AI Snapshot to get a quick, structured summary of this paper.
Study Snapshot
ObjectiveStudy objective
MethodsResearch methodology
PopulationPopulation studied
Sample sizeSample sizes
OutcomesStudy outcomes here
ResultsStudy results comes here
LimitationsResearch study limitations comes here
A concise AI-generated summary of the paper will appear here once you click Generate AI Snapshot.
TL;DR
Results show that IQs after adoption are significantly correlated with IQs before adoption, and during adolescence, verbal IQs are significantly lower than performance IQs.
Abstract
From 5,003 files of adopted children, 65 deprived children, defined as abused and/or neglected during infancy, were strictly selected with particular reference to two criteria: (i) They were adopted between 4 and 6 years of age, and (ii) they had an IQ <86 (mean = 77, SD = 6.3) before adoption. The average IQs of adopted children in lower and higher socioeconomic status (SES) families were 85 (SD = 17) and 98 (SD = 14.6), respectively, at adolescence (mean age = 13.5 years). The results show (i) a significant gain in IQ dependent on the SES of the adoptive families (mean = 7.7 and mean = 19.5 IQ points in low and high SES, respectively), (ii) IQs after adoption are significantly correlated with IQs before adoption, and (iii) during adolescence, verbal IQs are significantly lower than performance IQs.
Keywords
PsychologySocial Sciences
Psychological BulletinMassive IQ gains in 14 nations: What IQ tests really measure.
1,815 Citations1987James R. Flynn
The Bell Curve
1,388 Citations1994Charles Murray, R. J. Herrnstein
Child DevelopmentStability of Intelligence from Preschool to Adolescence: The Influence of Social and Family Risk Factors
760 Citations1993Arnold J. Sameroff, Ronald Seifer +2 more
Multiple risk was important in longitudinal prediction, even after prior measurement of child IQ was accounted for; the pattern of risk was less important than the total amount of risk present in the child's context.
Child DevelopmentEffects of Early Intervention on Intellectual and Academic Achievement: A Follow-up Study of Children from Low-Income Families
730 Citations1994Frances A. Campbell, Craig T. Ramey
Follow-up data, obtained 4-7 years after intervention ended, generally supported an intensity hypothesis in that scores on cognitive and academic achievement measures increased as duration of treatment increased.
PubMedDevelopmental catch-up, and deficit, following adoption after severe global early privation. English and Romanian Adoptees (ERA) Study Team.
653 Citations1998Michael Rutter
Child DevelopmentThe Louisville Twin Study: Developmental Synchronies in Behavior
433 Citations1983Ronald S. Wilson
The overall results pointed to a strong developmental thrust in the growth of intelligence, which was principally guided by an intrinsic genetic ground plan, and Qualitative features of home and family did not add significantly to prediction of offspring IQ.
Development and PsychopathologyIntegrating nature and nurture: Implications of person–environment correlations and interactions for developmental psychopathology
412 Citations1997Michael Rutter, Judy Dunn +7 more
The developmental interplay between nature and nurture and person-environment interplay are discussed, with particular reference to implications for research in developmental psychopathology.
Journal of Child Psychology and PsychiatryTHE EFFECT OF EARLY INSTITUTIONAL REARING ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF EIGHT YEAR OLD CHILDREN
397 Citations1978Barbara Tizard, Jill Hodges
The adopted children had the highest mean I. Q, and reading achievements; this finding appears to be related to the higher social class of the adoptive parents and the poorer emotional adjustment of the children restored to their biological families.
American Psychological Association eBooksThe rising curve: Long-term gains in IQ and related measures.
373 Citations1998
Monographs of the Society for Research in Child DevelopmentAdult Status of Children with Contrasting Early Life Experiences: A Follow-Up Study
301 Citations1966Harold M. Skeels
The Pedagogical Seminary and Journal of Genetic PsychologyA Final Follow-Up Study of One Hundred Adopted Children
285 Citations1949Marie Skodak, Harold M. Skeels
ScienceImproving Cognitive Ability in Chronically Deprived Children
260 Citations1978Harrison McKay, Leonardo Sinisterra +3 more
By school age the gap in cognitive ability between the treated children and a group of privileged children in the same city had narrowed, the effect being greater the younger the children were when they entered the treatment program.
NatureAssessment of effects of socio-economic status on IQ in a full cross-fostering study
236 Citations1989Christiane Capron, M. Duyme
Journal of Child Psychology and PsychiatryIQ and Behavioural Adjustment of Ex‐Institutional Adolescents
167 Citations1989Jill Hodges, Barbara Tizard
A group of children raised in institutions until at least 2 years of age, then adopted or restored to a biological parent, have been followed longitudinally into mid-adolescence and no effect of early institutionalisation was found on IQ which depended largely on the type of family placement.
ScienceIntellectual Status of Working-Class Children Adopted Early into Upper-Middle-Class Families
145 Citations1978Michel Schiff, M. Duyme +4 more
Failure rates observed were far below those expected from the social class of birth or observed in a control group but close to those expected to those from thesocial class of adoption.
Journal of Child Psychology and PsychiatryEXTREME DEPRIVATION IN EARLY CHILDHOOD–II. THEORETICAL ISSUES AND A COMPARATIVE REVIEW
129 Citations1984David Skuse
Five previously published and one novel case history of children who suffered extreme deprivation in early childhood are reviewed and three main issues, central to theories about the origins of developmental disorders, are addressed.
Developmental PsychologyCumulative deficit in IQ of Blacks in the rural South.
123 Citations1977Arthur R. Jensen
IntelligenceThe Minnesota transracial adoption study: A follow-up of IQ test performance at adolescence
117 Citations1992Richard A. Weinberg, Sandra Scarr +1 more
American PsychologistWhat is so special about special education?
65 Citations1997Douglas K. Detterman, Lee Anne Thompson
Effective special educational methods will not be developed until (a) individual differences in student characteristics beyond IQ scores are recognized and understood and (b) educators focus on specific and realistic goals for outcome.
Journal of Child Psychology and PsychiatryCONSTANCY AND CHANGE IN THE GROWTH OF HUMAN CHARACTERISTICS*
55 Citations1984Anactoria Clarke, Ann M. Clarke +2 more
Both constancies and changes of ordinal position and/or level occur for most characteristics in normal circumstances but, following significant ecological improvement, personal changes among the disadvantaged can be much larger.
PubMedStability and change over time in cognitive level of children with delays.
41 Citations1997Barbara K. Keogh, Lucinda P. Bernheimer +1 more
There were significant correlations between change in IQ, entering DQ, and Easy and Difficult temperaments and use of a random coefficient regression technique documented differences in the decline of cognitive scores over time.
The Journal of Genetic PsychologyIllegitimacy, Child Abuse and Neglect, and Cognitive Development
23 Citations1990Anthony Walsh
This study explored the relationship between illegitimate birth and cognitive development among 513 boys on probation and hypothesized that illegitimate boys from one-parent homes would have greater verbal-performance discrepancy scores than would boys from other combinations of birth status and family structure.
Physical TherapyReview of Child Development Research. Vol 3, Child Development and Social Policy
23 Citations1975Suzann K. Campbell
Journal of Biosocial ScienceEducational attainment and social class in adoptees: genetic and environmental contributions
18 Citations1983Thomas W. Teasdale, Thorkild I. A. Sørensen
The number of years of schooling and adult social class of 1417 adoptees are found to correlate with thesocial class of both their biological and adoptive fathers, and some residual direct correlations of paternal social class with offspring's social class are observed.
IntelligenceEffect of socioeconomic status of biological and adoptive parents on WISC-R subtest scores of their French adopted children
11 Citations1996Christiane Capron, M. Duyme
Early Child Development and CareFoster Children: Risk Factors and Development at a Preschool Age
11 Citations1997Annick‐Camille Dumaret, M. Duyme +1 more
The objective of this study was to describe the family backgrounds, health and developmental characteristics of 127 children from disadvantaged and deprived environments who were adopted after the age of 4, finding that they had below‐average IQ scores and some risk factors were greater for maltreated children.