Affective startle modulation in clinical depression: preliminary findings
Biological PsychiatryPublished 1 August 1999
Nicholas B. Allen, John Trinder, Catherine Brennan
Citations216
SJR quartileQ1
SJR score4.68
SNIP2.24
Generate an AI Snapshot to get a quick, structured summary of this paper.
Study Snapshot
ObjectiveStudy objective
MethodsResearch methodology
PopulationPopulation studied
Sample sizeSample sizes
OutcomesStudy outcomes here
ResultsStudy results comes here
LimitationsResearch study limitations comes here
A concise AI-generated summary of the paper will appear here once you click Generate AI Snapshot.
TL;DR
Preliminary results suggest that severely depressed patients may respond to some pleasant stimuli as if they are aversive, possibly because such stimuli are seen as signals of frustrative nonreward.
Abstract
These preliminary results suggest that severely depressed patients may respond to some pleasant stimuli as if they are aversive, possibly because such stimuli are seen as signals of frustrative nonreward.
Keywords
PsychologyMedicineNeuroscience
Encyclopedia of Social WorkDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
109,983 Citations2013Janet B. W. Williams, Michael B. First
Journal of Consulting and Clinical PsychologyAn inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: Psychometric properties.
10,909 Citations1988Aaron T. Beck, Norman B. Epstein +2 more
Journal of Abnormal PsychologyTripartite model of anxiety and depression: Psychometric evidence and taxonomic implications.
3,625 Citations1991Lee Anna Clark, David Watson
Results suggest that anxiety and depression can be reliably and validly assessed; moreover, although these disorders share a substantial component of general affective distress, they can be differentiated on the basis of factors specific to each syndrome.
Brain and CognitionAnterior cerebral asymmetry and the nature of emotion
1,335 Citations1992Richard J. Davidson
An overview of the author's recent electrophysiological studies of anterior cerebral asymmetries related to emotion and affective style is presented and a theoretical account is provided of the role of the two hemispheres in emotional processing.
Psychology Press eBooksAttention and Orienting
797 Citations2013Peter J. Lang, Robert F. Simons +2 more
This chapter discusses the origins of Orienting and Defensive Responses, as well as studies of Attention, Affect, and Action in Child Development, and the Implications of Startle Modification.
PsychophysiologyEmotion and psychopathy: Startling new insights
767 Citations1994Christopher J. Patrick
Evidence is presented to demonstrate that the literature that indicates that criminal psychopaths do not show the expected potentiation of the startle reflex that normally occurs during processing of aversive stimuli such as unpleasant photographs or punishment cues is reviewed.
Journal of Abnormal PsychologyEmotion in the criminal psychopath: Startle reflex modulation.
742 Citations1993Christopher J. Patrick, Margaret M. Bradley +1 more
PsychophysiologyPsychophysiology and Psychopathology: A Motivational Approach
565 Citations1988Don C. Fowles
Findings suggest that under the right circumstances appetitive motivation can be assessed via heart rate and aversive motivation via skin conductance.
Journal of Abnormal PsychologyThe startle probe response: A new measure of emotion?
548 Citations1988Scott R. Vrana, Ellen L. Spence +1 more
ScienceFacial Muscle Patterning to Affective Imagery in Depressed and Nondepressed Subjects
439 Citations1976Gary E. Schwartz, Paul L. Fair +3 more
Facial electromyography can provide a sensitive, objective index of normal and clinical mood states and differentiate depressed from nondepressed subjects.
PsychophysiologyStartle Reflex Modification: Emotion or Attention?
406 Citations1990Margaret M. Bradley, Bruce N. Cuthbert +1 more
Analysis of reflex response and all ancillary measures supported the hypothesis that the primary determinant of startle modulation was the emotional valence of foreground content.
PsychophysiologyIndividual Differences in Autonomic Response: Conditioned Association or Conditioned Fear?
356 Citations1985Robert Hodes, Edwin W. Cook +1 more
Moderate Decelerators produced mixed results across the several psychophysiological and verbal measures of conditioning, resembling Accelerators in their verbal report change, and Decelerator in their rapid electrodermal extinction.
Journal of Abnormal PsychologyCommon and specific dimensions of self-reported anxiety and depression: Implications for the cognitive and tripartite models.
267 Citations1994David A. Clark, Robert A. Steer +1 more
The results were consistent with both the tripartite and cognitive models, with the cognitive and motivational symptoms specific to depression and the physiological arousal symptoms unique to anxiety.
Biological PsychologyThe psychological significance of human startle eyeblink modification: a review
232 Citations1998Diane L. Filion, Michael E. Dawson +1 more
This review provides a comprehensive survey of the current literature on human startle modification and its psychological significance and directions for future research are identified regarding both cognitive and emotional modification of startle.
Journal of Abnormal PsychologyAffective individual differences and startle reflex modulation.
226 Citations1991Edwin W. Cook, Larry W. Hawk +2 more
Startle responses were larger in all aversive affective states than during pleasant imagery, and followup testing indicated that other affective individual differences (depression and anger) may also be related to increased potentiation of startle in negative affect.
Psychological ScienceUnobservable Facial Actions and Emotion
206 Citations1992Louis G. Tassinary, John T. Cacioppo
PsychophysiologyProbe P3 and blinks: Two measures of affective startle modulation
185 Citations1997Harald T. Schupp, Bruce N. Cuthbert +3 more
Measurements of the evoked startle response suggest that two measurable responses to the same startle probe are differentially modified by emotional context, with blink magnitude varying with pleasure and probe P3 varying with stimulus arousal.
Journal of Abnormal PsychologyReward fails to alter response bias in depression.
184 Citations1994Jeffrey B. Henriques, Jeanne M. Glowacki +1 more
A signal-detection analysis was used to examine the response biases of dysphoric and nondysphoric female undergraduates during 3 payoff conditions: neutral, reward, and punishment, finding that the dysphoric subjects had a smaller change in bias from the neutral to the reward condition compared with the nondysPhoric group.
Psychological ScienceA Motivational Analysis of Emotion: Reflex-Cortex Connections
181 Citations1992Peter J. Lang, Margaret M. Bradley +1 more
The neurobehavioral foundations of this conception are presented, and the implications of probe analysis are elucidated for theories of emotion organization, the assessment of mood, and practical applications in psychopathology and neurological disorder.
Psychological MedicineAnhedonia: a neglected symptom of psychopathology
177 Citations1993Philip Snaith
It is possible that anhedonia may provide the key to a more exact delineation of depressive disorders in biological research and in clinical practice, which will depend upon a more precise, cross-nationally agreed definition of the concept and the means of its assessment.
PsychophysiologyFearfulness and Startle Potentiation during Aversive Visual Stimuli
158 Citations1992Edwin W. Cook, Tammy L. Davis +3 more
The results support the hypothesis that affective modulation of startle is enhanced among high fear compared to low fear subjects and suggest that this individual difference effect generalizes across psychophysiological components of the startle reflex and diverse procedures for manipulating affect.
PsychophysiologyModulation of the acoustic startle response by film‐induced fear and sexual arousal
150 Citations1994DORINE M. JANSEN, Nico H. Frijda
Journal of Experimental PsychologyConditioned frustration as a learned drive.
150 Citations1963Allan R. Wagner
Experimental Ss which had previously experienced the cue paired with frustrative-nonreward showed, as compared to control Ss, more vigorous startle responses in the stabilimeter, and increasingly faster hurdle crossing over test trials.
Behavior TherapyDepression: Loss of reinforcers of loss of reinforcer effectiveness?
140 Citations1972C. G. Costello
Annals of the New York Academy of SciencesNeural Systems Involved in Fear‐Potentiated Startle
132 Citations1989Michael Davis
A major challenge for future studies will be to determine what neurotransmitters, which are known to modulate startle, are involved in habituation, sensitization, and fear conditioning and to begin to analyze these processes at a cellular level.
PsychophysiologyStartle reflex modulation during exposure to pleasant and unpleasant odors
101 Citations1995Howard Ehrlichman, Sandra M. Brown +2 more
The eyeblink component of the startle response to acoustic probes was measured while subjects smelled pleasant odors, unpleasant Odors, or no odor, and the results may be compatible with the suggestion that the motivational state that modulates startle involves both valence and arousal.
Personality and Individual DifferencesPersonality and affective modulation of the startle reflex
94 Citations1995Philip J. Corr, Glenn D. Wilson +5 more
Journal of Abnormal PsychologyCommon and specific dimensions of self-reported anxiety and depression: A replication.
93 Citations1995Robert A. Steer, David A. Clark +2 more
To investigate the generalizability of D. Beck's (1994) findings about the common and specific dimensions of self-reported anxiety and depression, the authors administered the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories to 1,000 outpatients diagnosed with various types of psychiatric disorders.
Journal of Abnormal PsychologyDiazepam blocks fear-potentiated startle in humans.
89 Citations1996Christopher J. Patrick, Bryan D Berthot +1 more
It is suggested that a common defensive state mediates startle reflex potentiation in animals and humans and that this index of fear can be used to assess the emotional effects of different drugs.
Physiology & BehaviorDiazepam blocks fear-enhanced startle elicited electrically from the brainstem
73 Citations1984Wendy K. Berg, Michael T. Davis
The data indicate that potentiation of electrically eliciting startle behaves like acoustically elicited startle, providing further evidence that electrical elicitation of startle is a viable experimental technique.
British Journal of Clinical PsychologyCognitive style in depressed and recovered depressed patients
63 Citations1981Iain Wilkinson, I. M. Blackburn
Cognitive response was not found to differentiate the recovered depressed patients from the two control groups, though depressed patients were consistently differentiated, and three cognitive measures intercorrelated highly among themselves and with levels of depression and neuroticism.
PsychopharmacologyFear-enhanced acoustic startle is not attenuated by acute or chronic imipramine treatment in rats
52 Citations1985James V. Cassella, Michael T. Davis
The present findings suggest that the potnetiated startle paradigm is a valid model for studying simple fear or anxiety rather than panic disorder.
PsychophysiologyLearned Helplessness, Depression, and Physiological Responding
40 Citations1977Robert J. Gatchel, Mark E. McKinney +1 more
Findings indicated that learned helplessness was associated with less phasic skin conductance responding, while depression wasassociated with greater responding to uncontrollable aversive events, suggesting that there may be different underlying deficits involved in depression and learned helplesshood.
International Journal of PsychophysiologyModulation of acoustic startle response by film-induced fear and sexual arousal
39 Citations1991DORINE M. JANSEN
The response matching model of Lang, Bradley, and Cuthbert (1992) predicts startle reflex facilitation during negative relative to positive emotional states to be extended to more complex stimuli, namely 1-min film fragments.
Cognitive Therapy and ResearchDepression and information valence influence depressive cognition
17 Citations1990Susan E. Krantz, Dolores Gallagher‐Thompson
PsychopharmacologyBehavioral evidence implicating dopamine in sensorimotor arousal and norepinephrine in the sedative effects of antidepressant drugs
11 Citations1990Larry Kokkinidis, Bryon D. McCarter