National, regional, and global trends in systolic blood pressure since 1980: systematic analysis of health examination surveys and epidemiological studies with 786 country-years and 5·4 million participants
The LancetPublished 1 February 2011
Goodarz Danaei, Mariel M. Finucane, John K. Lin, Gitanjali M Singh, Christopher Paciorek, Melanie Cowan
Citations1,234
SJR quartileQ1
SJR score12.11
SNIP22.72
Generate an AI Snapshot to get a quick, structured summary of this paper.
Study Snapshot
ObjectiveStudy objective
MethodsResearch methodology
PopulationPopulation studied
Sample sizeSample sizes
OutcomesStudy outcomes here
ResultsStudy results comes here
LimitationsResearch study limitations comes here
A concise AI-generated summary of the paper will appear here once you click Generate AI Snapshot.
TL;DR
On average, global population SBP decreased slightly since 1980, but trends varied significantly across regions and countries, and SBP is currently highest in low-income and middle-income countries.
Abstract
Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and WHO.
Keywords
MedicineNursing
The LancetEffect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case-control study
11,970 Citations2004Salim Yusuf, Steven Hawken +9 more
Abnormal lipids, smoking, hypertension, diabetes, abdominal obesity, psychosocial factors, consumption of fruits, vegetables, and alcohol, and regular physical activity account for most of the risk of myocardial infarction worldwide in both sexes and at all ages in all regions.
The LancetAge-specific relevance of usual blood pressure to vascular mortality: a meta-analysis of individual data for one million adults in 61 prospective studies
10,121 Citations2002Sarah Lewington, Robert Clarke +3 more
Throughout middle and old age, usual blood pressure is strongly and directly related to vascular (and overall) mortality, without any evidence of a threshold down to at least 115/75 mm Hg.
The LancetGlobal burden of hypertension: analysis of worldwide data
7,618 Citations2005Patricia M. Kearney, Megan Whelton +4 more
The overall prevalence and absolute burden of hypertension in 2000 and the global burden in 2025 were estimated to be about 1.56 billion (1.54-1.58 billion) and the number of adults with hypertension in 2025 was predicted to increase by about 60% respectively.
The LancetNational, regional, and global trends in body-mass index since 1980: systematic analysis of health examination surveys and epidemiological studies with 960 country-years and 9·1 million participants
4,043 Citations2011Mariel M. Finucane, Gretchen A Stevens +11 more
International Journal of EpidemiologySick individuals and sick populations
3,653 Citations2001Geoffrey Rose
Aetiology confronts two distinct issues: the determinant of individual cases, and the determinants of incidence rate: if exposure to a necessary agent is homogeneous within a population, then case/control and cohort methods will fail to detect it.
The LancetSelected major risk factors and global and regional burden of disease
3,603 Citations2002Majid Ezzati, Alan D López +3 more
The LancetRisk factors for ischaemic and intracerebral haemorrhagic stroke in 22 countries (the INTERSTROKE study): a case-control study
3,409 Citations2010Martin O’Donnell, Denis Xavier +22 more
The findings suggest that ten risk factors are associated with 90% of the risk of stroke, and targeted interventions that reduce blood pressure and smoking, and promote physical activity and a healthy diet, could substantially reduce the burden of stroke.
BMJUse of blood pressure lowering drugs in the prevention of cardiovascular disease: meta-analysis of 147 randomised trials in the context of expectations from prospective epidemiological studies
2,749 Citations2009M R Law, Joan K. Morris +1 more
All the classes of blood pressure lowering drugs have a similar effect in reducing CHD events and stroke for a given reduction in blood pressure, indicating that the benefit is explained by blood pressure reduction itself.
New England Journal of MedicineExplaining the Decrease in U.S. Deaths from Coronary Disease, 1980–2000
2,716 Citations2007Earl S. Ford, Umed A. Ajani +6 more
Journal of Hypertension2003 World Health Organization (WHO)/International Society of Hypertension (ISH) statement on management of hypertension
2,679 Citations2003Judith A Whitworth
There is evidence that specific agents have benefits for patients with particular compelling indications, and that monotherapy is inadequate for the majority of patients, and for patients without a compelling indication for a particular drug class, a low dose of diuretic should be considered for initiation of therapy.
JAMATrends in Prevalence, Awareness, Treatment, and Control of Hypertension in the United States, 1988-2000
2,411 Citations2003Ihab Hajjar
JAMAUS Trends in Prevalence, Awareness, Treatment, and Control of Hypertension, 1988-2008
2,198 Citations2010Brent M. Egan
Blood pressure was controlled in an estimated 50.1% of all patients with hypertension in NHANES 2007-2008, with most of the improvement since 1988 occurring after 1999-2000, and better BP control reflected improvements in awareness and treatment.
JAMAHypertension Prevalence and Blood Pressure Levels in 6 European Countries, Canada, and the United States
1,739 Citations2003Katharina Wolf-Maier
The 60% higher prevalence of hypertension in Europe compared with the United States and Canada has not been generally appreciated and the implication for national prevention strategies should be vigorously explored.
AGE STANDARDIZATION OF RATES: A NEW WHO STANDARD
1,700 Citations2000Omar B. Ahmad, Cynthia Boschi-Pinto +4 more
The WHO adopted a standard based on the average age-structure of those populations to be compared (the world) over the likely period of time that a new standard will be used (some 25-30 years), using the latest UN assessment for 1998 (UN Population Division, 1998).
HypertensionHypertension Treatment and Control in Five European Countries, Canada, and the United States
1,080 Citations2003Katharina Wolf-Maier, Richard Cooper +8 more
Low treatment and control rates in Europe, combined with a higher prevalence of hypertension, could contribute to a higher burden of cardiovascular disease risk attributable to elevated blood pressure compared with that in North America.
The LancetEstimation of contribution of changes in classic risk factors to trends in coronary-event rates across the WHO MONICA Project populations
951 Citations2000Kari Kuulasmaa, Hugh Tunstall‐Pedoe +6 more
The results support prevention policies based on the classic risk factors but suggest potential for prevention beyond these, and changes in theclassic risk factors seem to partly explain the variation in population trends in CHD.
Population Health MetricsComparative quantification of health risks: Conceptual framework and methodological issues
903 Citations2003Christopher J L Murray, Majid Ezzati +3 more
The conceptual and methodological issues for quantifying the population health effects of individual or groups of risk factors in various levels of causality using knowledge from different scientific disciplines are discussed.
BMJIntersalt revisited: further analyses of 24 hour sodium excretion and blood pressure within and across populations
855 Citations1996Paul Elliott, Jeremiah Stamler +5 more
The strong, positive association of urinary sodium with systolic pressure of individuals concurs with Intersalt cross population findings and results of other studies, and support recommendations for reduction of high salt intake in populations for prevention and control of adverse blood pressure levels.
The LancetCardiovascular prevention guidelines in daily practice: a comparison of EUROASPIRE I, II, and III surveys in eight European countries
840 Citations2009Kornelia Kotseva, David Wood +4 more
Time trends show a compelling need for more effective lifestyle management of patients with coronary heart disease, and a substantial increase in antihypertensive and lipid-lowering drugs, blood pressure management remained unchanged, and almost half of all patients remain above the recommended lipid targets.
Archives of Internal MedicineSerum Cholesterol, Blood Pressure, Cigarette Smoking, and Death From Coronary Heart Disease Overall Findings and Differences by Age for 316099 White Men
784 Citations1992James D. Neaton
Systolic and diastolic BP, serum cholesterol level, and cigarettes per day were significant predictors of death due to CHD in all age groups and offer strong support for intensified preventive efforts in allage groups.
Archives of Internal MedicineSerum cholesterol, blood pressure, cigarette smoking, and death from coronary heart disease. Overall findings and differences by age for 316,099 white men. Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial Research Group
683 Citations1992James D. Neaton
Systolic and diastolic BP, serum cholesterol level, and cigarettes per day were significant predictors of death due to CHD in all age groups and offer strong support for intensified preventive efforts in allage groups.
The LancetMonitoring and surveillance of chronic non-communicable diseases: progress and capacity in high-burden countries
682 Citations2010Ala Alwan, David R. MacLean +5 more
A framework for monitoring of such diseases is outlined and the mortality burden and the capacity of countries to respond to them are reviewed and it is shown that capacity for prevention and control of non-communicable diseases is inadequate.
Journal of Human HypertensionTrends in hypertension epidemiology in India
677 Citations2004Rajeev Gupta
There is a strong correlation between changing lifestyle factors and increase in hypertension in India and population-based cost-effective hypertension control strategies should be developed.
Journal of the American Dietetic AssociationDietary Sources of Sodium in China, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States, Women and Men Aged 40 to 59 Years: The INTERMAP Study
544 Citations2010Cheryl A.M. Anderson, Lawrence J. Appel +12 more
To avoid excess sodium intake in Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States, salt must be reduced in commercially processed foods.
Annual Review of Public HealthHYPERTENSION: Trends in Prevalence, Incidence, and Control
536 Citations2006Ihab Hajjar, Jane Morley Kotchen +1 more
Hypertension is the leading cause of cardiovascular disease worldwide, and an estimated 972 million people in the world are suffering from this problem; however, recent data suggest that it is again on the rise.
International Journal of EpidemiologyTwenty-Year Trends in Coronary Risk Factors in North Karelia and in Other Areas of Finland
275 Citations1994Erkki Vartiainen, Pekka Puska +4 more
A major decline in cardiovascular disease risk factors has been observed in the last 20 years in Finland and was associated with the launch of the national demonstration project in North Karelia in the 1970s and with subsequent major national activities thereafter.
Milbank QuarterlyPopulation Causes and Consequences of Leading Chronic Diseases: A Comparative Analysis of Prevailing Explanations
216 Citations2008David Stückler
Macrosocial and macroeconomic forces are major determinants of population rises in chronic disease mortality, and some prevailing demographic explanations, such as population aging, are incomplete on methodological, empirical, and policy grounds.
Bulletin of the World Health OrganizationCardiovascular risk factor trends and options for reducing future coronary heart disease mortality in the United States of America
197 Citations2009Simon Capewell, Earl S. Ford +4 more
Achievement of the Healthy People 2010 cardiovascular risk factor targets would almost halve the predicted CHD death rates.
Journal of Internal MedicineThe 21‐year follow‐up of the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study: risk factor levels, secular trends and east–west difference
194 Citations2004Markus Juonala, Jorma Viikari +7 more
The aims of this analysis were to examine the levels, secular trends and east–west difference in risk factors amongst young adults.
International Journal of EpidemiologyTrends in coronary risk factors in the WHO MONICA Project
171 Citations2001A. Evans, Hanna Tolonen +4 more
The risk factor trends are downwards in most populations but in particular, an increase in smoking in women in many populations and increasing BMI, especially in men, are worrying findings with significant public health implications.
Journal of HypertensionImprovement in hypertension management in England: results from the Health Survey for England 2003
155 Citations2006Paola Primatesta, Neil R Poulter
Hypertension management has improved greatly since 1994, with more awareness, treatment and control, and in 2003 the majority of hypertensive adults in England had blood pressure levels above the currently recommended targets.
CirculationTrends and Cardiovascular Mortality Effects of State-Level Blood Pressure and Uncontrolled Hypertension in the United States
155 Citations2008Majid Ezzati, Shefali Oza +2 more
Self-reported data on hypertension diagnosis from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System can be used to obtain unbiased state-level estimates of blood pressure and uncontrolled hypertension as benchmarks for priority setting and for designing and evaluating intervention programs.
AtherosclerosisLongitudinal trends in major cardiovascular risk factors in the Czech population between 1985 and 2007/8. Czech MONICA and Czech post-MONICA
143 Citations2010Renata Cífková, Zdenka Škodová +9 more
The striking improvement in CV risk factors documented between 1985 and 2007/8 most likely contributed to the decrease in CV mortality in the Czech Republic.
Choice Reviews OnlinePolio: an American story
129 Citations2005
The gripping story of the polio terror and of the intense effort to find a cure, from the March of Dimes to the discovery of the Salk and Sabin vaccines-and beyond is told, using the widespread panic over polio to shed light on the authors' national obsessions and fears.
HypertensionIncreases in Antihypertensive Prescriptions and Reductions in Cardiovascular Events in Canada
126 Citations2008Norm R.C. Campbell, Rollin Brant +8 more
It is demonstrated that the reduction in cardiovascular death and hospitalization rates is associated with an increase in antihypertensive prescriptions and that it coincides with the introduction of the Canadian Hypertension Education Program.
Journal of Epidemiology & Community HealthSocioeconomic status and trends in risk factors for cardiovascular diseases in the Danish MONICA population, 1982–1992
122 Citations2000Merete Osler, Lars Ulrik Gerdes +5 more
The difference between educational groups in prevalence of smoking increased during the 1980s, and this accounted for widening of an existing social difference in the total cardiovascular risk.
The LancetChronic diseases: global action must match global evidence
96 Citations2010Robert Beaglehole, Richard Horton
The next 12 months are seen as an unprecedented opportunity to change the conversation of global health, to rewrite the political manifesto for health to include one of the most neglected—and yet most important—categories of death and disability.
Preventive MedicineNational Trends in Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease in Germany
95 Citations1994Hans Hoffmeister, Gert Mensink +1 more
Journal of HypertensionPrevalence, awareness and treatment of hypertension in Finland during 1982–2007
87 Citations2009Mika Kastarinen, Riitta Antikaínen +9 more
Steady progress has been made in the prevention and treatment of hypertension in Finland since 1982, however, further improvements are clearly needed.
Bulletin of the World Health OrganizationUnderstanding the decline of mean systolic blood pressure in Japan: an analysis of pooled data from the National Nutrition Survey, 1986-2002
65 Citations2008Nayu Ikeda
Declining mean SBP in Japan between 1986 and 2002 was partly attributable to the increased use of antihypertensive medications, especially in the older population, and lowered mean BMI in young women.
Cardiovascular DiabetologyDivergent fifteen-year trends in traditional and cardiometabolic risk factors of cardiovascular diseases in the Seychelles
55 Citations2009Pascal Bovet, Sarah Romain +6 more
In this population, the rapid health transition was characterized by substantial changes in the patterns of CVD-RF, suggesting the importance of surveillance systems to identify risk factor trends and the need for preventive strategies to promote healthy lifestyles and nutrition.
Journal of HypertensionTrends in prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of hypertension in urban communities in Chile
44 Citations2007Eduardo Fasce H, Ivone Campos +5 more
There was an increase in hypertension prevalence from 1988 to 2004 and there was a significant increase in the state of treatment and control, which were in accordance with public policies and changes in antihypertensive treatment.
International Journal of EpidemiologyTrends in cerebrovascular disease mortality in Singapore: 1970-1994
28 Citations1998Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian
As in many countries in the world, cerebrovascular disease mortality in Singapore has fallen over the last 25 years; this may be related to the decline in stroke risk factors in the authors' population.
Aging Clinical and Experimental ResearchLong-term trends in major cardiovascular risk factors in cohorts of aging men in the European cohorts of the Seven Countries Study
24 Citations2005Mariapaola Lanti, Alessandro Menotti +4 more
Major changes were the great increases in average systolic blood pressure and serum cholesterol level in Serbia and in systolics blood pressure level in Greece between 1960 and 1985, and the large decrease in average serum cholesterol in Finland between 1970 and 1995.
European Journal of Public HealthTen year trends in chronic disease risk factors in the Republic of Karelia, Russia
20 Citations2008Tiina Vlasoff, Tiina Laatikainen +7 more
Journal of Human HypertensionDespite evidence-based guidelines, systolic blood pressure remains inadequately controlled in older hypertensive adults
19 Citations2009Riitta Antikaínen, Mika Kastarinen +8 more
Hypertension care in older adults has improved in Finland during 1997 to 2007, but the situation is not optimal: the main problem in this age group is high SBP.
Journal of HypertensionTrends and determinant factors in hypertension control in a population study with 25 years of follow-up
15 Citations2010Ulla Overgaard Andersen, Gorm Boje Jensen
The results may indicate a beneficial effect of systematic control of hypertensive patients during a limited time after a myocardial infarction, and Hypertension treatment efficacy is improving but still far from acceptable.
PubMedCardiovascular risk prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control from 1998 to 2007 in Koreans.
15 Citations2010Kayoung Lee
The age-adjusted prevalence of hypercholesterolemia slightly increased across the surveys, while those values of hypertension and diabetes revealed decreasing trends, and strategies for reducing disparity from the assessment and control between CV risk factors will be required.
European Journal of Public HealthTrends in overweight, obesity and blood pressure among Israeli working adults--implications for public health
13 Citations2007Rivka Sheffer, Ronit Calderon‐Margalit
This study demonstrated a concomitant decline in blood pressure that could not be attributed to antihypertensive treatment, which could partially explain the decrease in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality seen in Israel.
PubMedHypertension, the changing pattern of drug usage.
5 Citations2009L. H. Opie
The pattern of use of antihypertensive drug agents has changed, from prime use of diuretics and beta-blockers, to preference for the inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin system and the calcium channel blockers.
