Pharmacologic Aspects of Cigarette Smoking and Nicotine Addiction
New England Journal of MedicinePublished 17 November 1988
N L Benowitz, Alastair J.J. Wood, Neal L. Benowitz
Citations977
SJR quartileQ1
SJR score19.08
SNIP13.47
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TL;DR
NICOTINE has been consumed in the form of tobacco and other plants for many hundreds of years and has become available as a pharmaceutical agent, marketed as a chewing gum to help people stop smoking.
Abstract
NICOTINE has been consumed in the form of tobacco and other plants for many hundreds of years. The compulsive use of tobacco has been observed in nearly every culture into which tobacco has been introduced. Nearly 30 percent of adult Americans smoke despite, in most cases, a desire to quit and despite common knowledge of the health hazards.1 Their failure to quit smoking is attributable in large part to the addictive properties of nicotine. Recently, nicotine has become available as a pharmaceutical agent, marketed as a chewing gum to help people stop smoking. In addition to its direct effect on . . .
Keywords
NursingMedicineBiochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
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1,646 Citations1986John R. Hughes
Observer and subject ratings of the DSM-III symptoms of craving for tobacco, irritability, anxiety, difficulty concentrating, and restlessness increased after cessation, and bradycardia, impatience, somatic complaints, insomnia, increased hunger, and increased eating occurred after cessation.
New England Journal of MedicineNorepinephrine and Epinephrine Release and Adrenergic Mediation of Smoking-Associated Hemodynamic and Metabolic Events
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623 Citations1988Neal L. Benowitz, Hervé Porchet +2 more
Overall nicotine exposure was twice as large after single exposures to smokeless tobacco compared with cigarette smoking, and relatively low levels of nicotine and lesser cardiovascular responses were observed with use of nicotine gum.
Brain ResearchAutoradiographic evidence for nicotine receptors on nigrostriatal and mesolimbic dopaminergic neurons
528 Citations1985Paul B. S. Clarke, Agu Pert
Rats received unilateral injections of 6-hydroxydopamine into the medial forebrain bundle, resulting in an ipsilateral loss of striatal dopamine and of dopaminergic perikarya, and nicotine receptors appear to be located on nigrostriatal and mesolimbic dopamine neurons at the level of perikaria and terminals.
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468 Citations1980Michael A. Russell, M. J. Jarvis +2 more
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New England Journal of MedicineSmokers of Low-Yield Cigarettes Do Not Consume Less Nicotine
446 Citations1983Neal L. Benowttz, Sharon M. Hall +4 more
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409 Citations1982Brian MacMahon, Dimitrios Trichopoulos +2 more
The estrogen profiles of smokers and nonsmokers were compared to shed light on the mechanisms whereby smoking is associated with early menopause and with a reduction in the risk of breast cancer.
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It is suggested that an increased hepatic metabolism of estrogens results in lower estrogen levels among postmenopausal smokers, which may contribute to the reported risk of osteoporosis among smokers.
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385 Citations1987Jacek Nowak, John Murray +2 more
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380 Citations1986Angela Hofstetter, Yves Schütz +2 more
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375 Citations1974William H. Oldendorf
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342 Citations1985Sonja M. McKinlay, NANCY L. BIFANO +1 more
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297 Citations1975A. K. ARMITAGE, C. T. Dollery +4 more
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293 Citations1984John Hughes, Dorothy K. Hatsukami +4 more
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291 Citations1982Neal L. Benowitz, Florence Kuyt +1 more
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275 Citations1986Neal L. Benowitz
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266 Citations1985Michael J. Marks, Jerry A. Stitzel +1 more
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256 Citations1982Neil E. Grunberg
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254 Citations1984Paul B. S. Clarke, Candace B. Pert +1 more
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229 Citations1982Jeffrey Wilkins, Harold E. Carlson +4 more
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220 Citations1984Dorothy K. Hatsukami, John R. Hughes +2 more
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218 Citations1986Neal L. Benowitz, Peyton Jacob +2 more
It is concluded that smoking fewer cigarettes may reduce exposure to toxins and related adverse health consequences, however, the magnitude of the benefit is much less than expected.
Pharmacology Biochemistry and BehaviorNicotine as a reinforcer in human subjects and laboratory animals
216 Citations1983Jack E. Henningfield, Steven R. Goldberg
Six species, ranging from the albino rat to the human, have been tested under a variety of schedules of reinforcement, and as a function of several pharmacologic manipulations, and it is clear that nicotine can serve as a reinforcer.
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215 Citations1979Samuel Shapiro, Lynn Rosenberg +4 more
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211 Citations1976M A Russell, C Feyerabend +1 more
Although plasma nicotine levels equivalent to those following cigarette smoking may be obtained by chewing at least 10 pieces of 4-mg nicotine gum daily, the slower rate of absorption may limit its therapeutic value as a substitute for cigarette smoking.
ScienceCigarette Craving, Smoking Withdrawal, and Clonidine
211 Citations1984Alexander H. Glassman, Wynn Jackson +3 more
Clonidine, an alpha-2-adrenergic agonist, significantly reduces opiate withdrawal and has a greater effect than alprazolam on cigarette craving, suggesting that noradrenaline activity is a common feature in the pathophysiology of withdrawal and that a special relationship exists between central noradRenergic activity and craving.
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209 Citations1984Neal L. Benowitz, Florence Kuyt +1 more
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202 Citations1987Warren Lam, H S Sacks +2 more
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197 Citations1986Robert L. Barbieri, J Gochberg +1 more
It is suggested that some nicotinic alkaloids directly inhibit aromatase, which may explain, in part, the decreased estrogen observed in women who smoke.
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190 Citations1983J. Victor Nadler
It is suggested that inhalation of nicotine-containing tobacco smoke reduces vascular PGI2 production; this may be a factor in the development of accelerated cardiovascular disease.
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189 Citations1983Ronald I. Herning, Reese T. Jones +2 more
Indirect evidence suggests that smoking low‐tar and nicotine cigarettes does not necessarily reduce exposure to these substances, and machine‐determined nicotine yields of the cigarettes correlated with the increase in nicotine blood levels after smoking.
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184 Citations1986Robert L. Barbieri, Patricia M. McShane +1 more
Two low-molecular-weight components of cigarette smoke, nicotine and anabasine, inhibited granulosa cell aromatase in a dose-dependent manner, suggesting that constituents of cigarette Smoke inhibit a major steroidogenic pathway.
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179 Citations1987Neal L. Benowitz, Peyton Jacob +1 more
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178 Citations1988Education. Office on Smoking
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177 Citations1973Ian P. Stolerman, T. L. Goldfarb +2 more
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168 Citations1988Garret A. FitzGerald, John A. Oates +1 more
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164 Citations1988H C Porchet, Neal L. Benowitz +1 more
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160 Citations1981Ronald I. Herning, R. T. Jones +2 more
Clinical Pharmacology & TherapeuticsEffects of tobacco and non-tobacco cigarette smoking on endothelium and platelets
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Much greater effects of tobacco smoking on endothelial cell counts and platelet aggregate ratios suggest the possibility that non‐tobacco cigarette smoking may be less harmful to the cardiovascular system than is tobacco cigarette smoking.
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149 Citations1987Paul B. S. Clarke
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145 Citations1982Wolfgang Siess, Reinhard Lorenz +2 more
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136 Citations1981Michael A. Russell, M. J. Jarvis +2 more
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136 Citations1967Benedict R. Lucchesi, C. R. Schuster +1 more
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135 Citations1980Jon Rosenberg, Neal L. Benowitz +2 more
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132 Citations1979J. Trap‐Jensen, Jan E. Carlsen +2 more
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Clinical Pharmacology & TherapeuticsPlatelet function after cigarette smoking in relation to nicotine and carbon monoxide
129 Citations1984Serge Renaud, Denis Blache +3 more
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123 Citations1984J. J. F. Belch, B. McArdle +3 more
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Clinical Pharmacology & TherapeuticsTransdermal nicotine reduces cigarette craving and nicotine preference
123 Citations1985Jed E. Rose, Joseph E. Herskovic +2 more
It is suggested that transdermal nicotine may enhance success in smoking cessation by preventing the rise in cigarette craving usually observed after cessation.
Neuroscience LettersAutoradiographic localization of [3H]nicotine binding sites in the rat brain
122 Citations1985Edythe D. London, Steven B. Waller +1 more
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ScienceNicotine in Breast Fluid of Nonlactating Women
115 Citations1978Nicholas L. Petrakis, Larry D. Gruenke +3 more
Using a combination of gas chromatography, mass spectrometry, and selected ion recording techniques, nicotine and its major metabolite, continine, in the breast fluid of nonlactating women smokers is identified.
New England Journal of MedicineWeight Gain after Cessation of Cigarette Smoking
113 Citations1984Robert M. Carney, Andrew P. Goldberg
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109 Citations1981François M. Booyse, G Osikowicz +1 more
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AtherosclerosisThe effect of nicotine on aortic endothelium
107 Citations1987Matthew J. Zimmerman, John K. McGeachie
Structural evidence is provided to support the hypothesis that nicotine contributes to the pathogenesis of arterial disease in smokers by assessing ultrastructural features of endothelial injury occurring with exposure to nicotine.
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106 Citations1986Neal L. Benowitz
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106 Citations1983David W. Kaufman, Susan P. Helmrich +3 more
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105 Citations1984Pascal Nicod, Roger B. Rehr +4 more
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104 Citations1985Neal L. Benowitz, P. Jacob
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103 Citations1985Gio Batta Gori, Cornelius J. Lynch
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Pharmacology Biochemistry and BehaviorPituitary hormone response to cigarette smoking
98 Citations1986L. EVERETT SEYLER, Ovide F. Pomerleau +3 more
Individual differences in nausea and related hormonal responses may provide an objective method for predicting receptivity to smoking.
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97 Citations1984John R. Hughes
How effective the gum will be when used in general medical practice, to whom it is best to prescribe the gum, and what proportion of smokers will become dependent on the gum are still unclear.
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94 Citations1974Wilbert S. Aronow, John Cassidy +7 more
Nicotine caused the increased systolic and diastolic arterial pressure and heart rate after smoking and carbon monoxide caused the negative inotropic effect which increased the left ventricular end-diastolic pressure and decreased the stroke index after smoking.
New England Journal of MedicineExposure of the Fetus, Neonate, and Nursed Infant to Nicotine and Cotinine from Maternal Smoking
93 Citations1984W. A. P. Luck, Heinz Nau
Perinatal exposure to nicotine and cotinine by diaplacental and possibly paraPLacental transfer appears to be quantitatively much more important than postnatal exposure by means of breast milk or inhaled air.
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91 Citations1979C. Isles, J. J. Brown +8 more
It is concluded that hypertensive patients who smoke are much more likely to develop the malignant phase than those who do not, and that once the condition has developed it follows a particularly lethal course in smokers.
PsychophysiologyEEG Changes During Tobacco Withdrawal
91 Citations1983Ronald I. Herning, Reese T. Jones +1 more
The dominant alpha frequency in deprived smokers was slower than after smoking a nicotine cigarette, but the decreases in frequency were not always statistically significant.
New England Journal of MedicineCigarette Smoking and the Treatment of Angina with Propranolol, Atenolol, and Nifedipine
89 Citations1984John Deanfield, Christine Wright +3 more
The data show that smoking had direct and adverse effects on the heart and interfered with the efficacy of all three anti-anginal drugs, but with nifedipine the most.
Clinical Pharmacology & TherapeuticsPhysiologic and subjective changes from smokeless tobacco withdrawal
89 Citations1987Dorothy K. Hatsukami, Steven W. Gust +1 more
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AtherosclerosisEffect of cigarette smoking on lipids, lipoproteins, blood coagulation, fibrinolysis and cellular components of human blood
89 Citations1975J.D. Billimoria, Helen Pozner +3 more
No significant changes were found in the group of light smokers but a trend was usually seen that suggested that these changes were influenced by the number of cigarettes smoked.
Annual Review of MedicineUnderstanding and Promoting Smoking Cessation: Overview and Guidelines for Physician Intervention
86 Citations1985C. Tracy Orleans
This chapter outlines requirements for quitting smoking successfully, and for effective treatments for physicians and allied health care providers with specific recommendations for how to motivate and help patients quit "on their own" and how to select more intensive backup treatment if needed.
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82 Citations1962Eskil Hansson, Carl C. Schmiterlöw
The metabolic studies indicated that nicotine is very rapidly metabolized to a compound which presumably is cotinine, and the significance of the tissue distribution in relation to the pharmacological effects of nicotine and the elucidation of the biological fate of nicotine is discussed.
European Journal of PediatricsNicotine and cotinine concentrations in the milk of smoking mothers: influence of cigarette consumption and diurnal variation
80 Citations1987W. A. P. Luck, Heinz Nau
The results indicate that the exposure of the nursed infant to nicotine and cotinine via milk depends on the daily cigarette consumption but also on individual smoking habits; the time of smoking, smoking frequency prior to nursing, and the time interval between nursing and the last cigarette.
JAMAGreen-Tobacco Sickness
79 Citations1974Stephen H. Gehlbach
A survey among tobacco harvesters found the illness was correlated with cropping (picking) the tobacco while it was wet; the absorption of nicotine from the tobacco leaf is the probable cause.
Clinical Pharmacology & TherapeuticsBiologic determinants of propranolol disposition: Results from 1308 patients in the beta-blocker heart attack trial*
79 Citations1985Thomas Walle, Robert P. Byington +3 more
Serum levels were higher in women, in older patients, and in patients receiving concomitant therapy with other antiarrhythmic drugs, and the influence of sex and race on drug disposition has not previously been reported for β‐blocking drugs.
GastroenterologySucralfate Overcomes Adverse Effect of Cigarette Smoking on Duodenal Ulcer Healing and Prolongs Subsequent Remission
78 Citations1987Shiu Kum Lam, W. M. Hui +8 more
It is concluded that smoking adversely affects duodenal ulcer healing by cimetidine and hastens subsequent relapse, and that sucralfate overcomes the adverse effect of smoking on healing as encountered with cimetamine, and results in a subsequent remission period double that of cimeidine.
International Archives of Occupational and Environmental HealthTrans-3?-hydroxycotinine as a main metabolite in urine of smokers
73 Citations1987Georg Neurath, Michael D�nger +2 more
Nine mal smokers smoked three types of cigarettes that differed in mainstream nicotine that included cotinine, nicotine-N′-oxide, nornicotine, and N-methyl-nicotinum ions, and trans-3′- hydroxycotinine was determined.
British Journal of PharmacologyINHIBITION BY NICOTINE OF THE FORMATION OF PROSTACYCLIN‐LIKE ACTIVITY IN RABBIT AND HUMAN VASCULAR TISSUE
71 Citations1980T Sonnenfeld, Åke Wennmalm
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71 Citations1982
PsychopharmacologyCardiovascular and subjective effects of smoking before and after 24 h of abstinence from cigarettes
67 Citations1987Robert West, Michael A. Russell
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64 Citations1985Peter Stewart, J R Catterall
Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation occurred in a fit 35 year old man who consumed large doses of nicotine chewing gum (Nicorette Leo) over a prolonged period.
Pharmacology Biochemistry and BehaviorMouth versus deep airways absorption of nicotine in cigarette smokers
64 Citations1986Gio Batta Gori, Neal L. Benowitz +1 more
The major finding is that there is virtually no intake of nicotine through the buccal mucosa while smoking American cigarettes, suggesting that nicotine may be a better indicator of exposure to second-hand smoke than carbon monoxide.
BMJEffect of cigar smoking on carboxyhaemoglobin and plasma nicotine concentrations in primary pipe and cigar smokers and ex-cigarette smokers
63 Citations1977J. A. McM. Turner, R W Sillett +1 more
Since ex-cigarette smokers do not seem to lose their habit of inhaling when they change to cigars, measures aimed at persuading smokers to switch to cigars will have little effect on their health, and nicotine is absorbed largely from the lung and that the buccal mucosa is unimportant.
JAMAPhysical Dependence on Nicotine in Gum
63 Citations1986John Hughes
The result suggests that physical dependence may be a cause of behavioral dependence on nicotine gum (ie, use of gum beyond the recommended period) and physicians should emphasize the need for gradual reduction of nicotine gum.
Annals of Internal MedicineCigarette Abstinence, Nicotine Gum, and Theophylline Disposition
62 Citations1987BELLE L. LEE, NEAL L. BENOWITZ +1 more
The data indicate that at least partial normalization of the enzyme-inducing effects of smoking can be seen after brief cigarette abstinence, which means that smokers who are taking theophylline chronically will need to be reduced by one fourth to one third after brief tobacco abstinence.
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