Choosing between randomised and non-randomised studies: a systematic review.
Health Technology AssessmentPublished 1 January 1998Open access
Britton, McKee, Jed Black, McPherson, Colin Sanderson, Bain
Citations312
SJR quartileQ1
SJR score1.36
SNIP1.69
Generate an AI Snapshot to get a quick, structured summary of this paper.
Study Snapshot
ObjectiveStudy objective
MethodsResearch methodology
PopulationPopulation studied
Sample sizeSample sizes
OutcomesStudy outcomes here
ResultsStudy results comes here
LimitationsResearch study limitations comes here
A concise AI-generated summary of the paper will appear here once you click Generate AI Snapshot.
Abstract
T he overall aim of the NHS R&D Health Technology Assessment (HTA) programme is to ensure that high-quality research information on the costs, effectiveness and broader impact of health technologies is produced in the most efficient way for those who use, manage
Keywords
MedicineEconomics, Econometrics and Finance
JAMAEmpirical evidence of bias. Dimensions of methodological quality associated with estimates of treatment effects in controlled trials
5,580 Citations1995Klaus‐Peter Schulz
Empirical evidence is provided that inadequate methodological approaches in controlled trials, particularly those representing poor allocation concealment, are associated with bias.
The LancetBlood pressure, stroke, and coronary heart disease
4,511 Citations1990Rory Collins, Richard Peto +12 more
A sufficiently high risk of stroke (perhaps because of age, blood pressure, or, in particular, history of cerebrovascular disease) may be the clearest indication for antihypertensive treatment.
JAMAImproving the quality of reporting of randomized controlled trials. The CONSORT statement
3,343 Citations1996Colin B. Begg
The LancetMorbidity and mortality in the Swedish Trial in Old Patients with Hypertension (STOP-Hypertension)
1,888 Citations1991Björn Dahlöf, L. Hansson +4 more
It is concluded that antihypertensive treatment in hypertensive men and women aged 70-84 confers highly significant and clinically relevant reductions in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality as well as in total mortality.
BMJWhy we need observational studies to evaluate the effectiveness of health care
1,602 Citations1996Nicholas Black
The view is widely held that experimental methods (randomised controlled trials) are the "gold standard" for evaluation and that observational methods have little or no value, but this ignores the limitations of randomised trials.
The LancetContribution of job control and other risk factors to social variations in coronary heart disease incidence
1,276 Citations1997Michael Marmot, Hans Bosma +3 more
Much of the inverse social gradient in CHD incidence can be attributed to differences in psychosocial work environment, and from factors that act early in life, as represented by physical height.
The American Journal of MedicineRandomized versus historical controls for clinical trials
837 Citations1982Henry S. Sacks, Thomas C. Chalmers +1 more
The data suggest that biases in patient selection may irretrievably weight the outcome of HCts in favor of new therapies, and that RCTs may miss clinically important benefits because of inadequate attention to sample size.
BMJCollaborative systematic review of the randomised trials of organised inpatient (stroke unit) care after stroke
649 Citations1997
Organised inpatient stroke unit care resulted in long term reductions in death, dependency, and the need for institutional care, and was best characterised by coordinated multidisciplinary rehabilitation, programmes of education and training in stroke, and specialisation of medical and nursing staff.
Statistics in MedicineHow study design affects outcomes in comparisons of therapy. I: Medical
527 Citations1989Graham A. Colditz, James N. Miller +1 more
Any evaluation of an innovation may include both bias and the true efficacy of the new therapy, therefore any evaluation of a new therapy may consider making adjustments for the average bias associated with a study design.
The LancetMeta-analysis of randomised trials comparing coronary angioplasty with bypass surgery
526 Citations1995Stuart Pocock, R.A Henderson +8 more
The combined evidence comparing PTCA with CABG shows no difference in prognosis between these two initial revascularisation strategies, however, the treatments differ markedly in the subsequent requirement for additionalRevascularisation procedures and in the relief of angina.
JAMAVariation in Carotid Endarterectomy Mortality in the Medicare Population
520 Citations1998David E. Wennberg, F. Lee Lucas +3 more
Prescription patients' perioperative mortality following CEA is substantially higher than that reported in the trials, even in those institutions that participated in the randomized studies, and caution is advised in translating the efficacy of carefully controlled studies of CEA to effectiveness in everyday practice.
The LancetRandomised, prospective, single-blind comparison of laparoscopic versus small-incision cholecystectomy
426 Citations1996Ali W. Majeed, G Troy +6 more
Laroscopic cholecystectomy takes longer to do than small-incision choleCystectomy and does not have any significant advantages in terms of hospital stay or postoperative recovery.
New England Journal of MedicinePhysicians’ Reasons for Not Entering Eligible Patients in a Randomized Clinical Trial of Surgery for Breast Cancer
412 Citations1984Kathryn M. Taylor, Richard G. Margolese +1 more
Investigation into the behavioral aspects of the investigator-patient relationship is particularly pressing, since fear of change in this relationship was the most common reason given for not entering eligible patients in the trial.
New England Journal of MedicineRacial Differences in the Use of Drug Therapy for HIV Disease in an Urban Community
366 Citations1994Richard D. Moore, David Stanton +2 more
Among patients infected with HIV, blacks were significantly less likely than whites to have received antiretroviral therapy or PCP prophylaxis when they were first referred to an HIV clinic, suggesting a need for culturally specific interventions to ensure uniform access to care, including drug therapy, and uniform standards of care.
The LancetRandomised trial of efficacy of SPf66 vaccine against Plasmodium falciparum malaria in children in southern Tanzania
348 Citations1994Pedro L. Alonso, Thomas A. Smith +18 more
StrokeThe Effect of a Stroke Unit: Reductions in Mortality, Discharge Rate to Nursing Home, Length of Hospital Stay, and Cost
297 Citations1995Henrik Jørgensen, Hirofumi Nakayama +4 more
Treatment of unselected acute stroke patients on a stroke care unit saved lives, reduced the length of hospital stay, reduce the frequency of discharge to a nursing home, and potentially reduced cost.
Statistics in MedicineRandomized consent designs for clinical trials: An update
287 Citations1990Marvin Zelen
The main ideas of randomized consent designs (single and double) and the statistical model underlying the analysis are reviewed, and some recent experiences are presented.
Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular SurgeryLong-term survival benefits of coronary artery bypass grafting and percutaneous transluminal angioplasty in patients with coronary artery disease
274 Citations1996Robert H. Jones, Karen Kesler +8 more
The anatomic severity of coronary artery stenosis best defined survival benefit from bypass surgery and angioplasty versus medical treatment, and one or both interventional treatments provided better long-term survival than did medical treatment for all levels of disease severity.
The LancetComparison of chorionic villus sampling and amniocentesis for fetal karyotyping at 10-13 weeks' gestation
274 Citations1994K. H. Nicolaides, Maria de Lourdes Brizot +2 more
Women with singleton viable pregnancies at 10-13 weeks' gestation who requested first-trimester fetal karyotyping because of advanced maternal age, parental anxiety, or family history of chromosomal abnormality were counselled as to the available options of non-invasive screening or invasive testing.
British Journal of UrologyThe effectiveness of surgery for stress incontinence in women: a systematic review
265 Citations1996Nick Black, Sara H. Downs
There is an urgent need for some large, rigorous, prospective studies of high quality evaluating surgery for stress incontinence, the effectiveness of different procedures and the frequency of complications associated with each procedure.
Controlled Clinical TrialsRecruitment experience in clinical trials: Literature summary and annotated bibliography
254 Citations1987Donald B. Hunninghake, Charles A. Darby +1 more
Data-based management of recruitment is necessary and should include a comprehensive data monitoring system with strong administrative support at both central and local levels, and recruitment goals and provisions for corrective action if recruitment lags should be included.
BMJApplying results of randomised trials to clinical practice: impact of losses before randomisation.
231 Citations1984Mary E. Charlson, Ralph I. Horwitz
Journal of the American College of CardiologyEffect of age on use of thrombolytic therapy and mortality in acute myocardial infarction
213 Citations1991W. Douglas Weaver, Paul E. Litwin +8 more
The incidence of prior angina, hypertension and heart failure, and both the incidence of complicating illness and a nondiagnostic electrocardiogram (ECG) increased with age, were found.
The American Journal of MedicineDeveloping improved observational methods for evaluating therapeutic effectiveness
207 Citations1990Ralph I. Horwitz, Catherine M. Viscoli +2 more
Improved observational study designs are developed by incorporating many of the design principles and patient assembly procedures of the randomized trial and may improve the quality of observational studies and may be useful in assessing the efficacy of the many medical/surgical therapies that cannot be tested with randomized clinical trials.
Annals of Internal MedicineSelection of Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction for Thrombolytic Therapy
201 Citations1990David W.M. Muller, Eric J. Topol
The data do not support the use of fibrinolytic therapy as primary treatment in patients with unstable angina or suspected myocardial infarction in the absence of confirmatory electrocardiographic changes, and the potential benefits of this treatment might be extended to selected high-risk subgroups.
BMJManagement of acute stroke in the elderly: follow-up of a controlled trial.
201 Citations1980W M Garraway, Ali Akhtar +2 more
Prolonging the benefits of short-term gains in functional outcome through the intervention of a stroke unit requires that all the links in the chain of stroke rehabilitation are maintained, including the proper orientation of patients' families before discharge from hospital.
BMJManagement of acute stroke in the elderly: preliminary results of a controlled trial.
196 Citations1980W M Garraway, Ali Akhtar +2 more
The LancetEfficacy trial of malaria vaccine SPf66 in Gambian infants
192 Citations1995Umberto D’Alessandro, Amanda Leach +9 more
A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of SPf66 against clinical P falciparum malaria in Gambian infants, finding protection against clinical attacks of malaria during the rainy season after immunisation in children 6-11 months old at time of the first dose was not achieved.
BMJTrial of early nifedipine in acute myocardial infarction: the Trent study.
182 Citations1986Robert A. Wilcox, J R Hampton +8 more
Subgroup analysis also did not suggest any particular group of patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction who might benefit from early nifedipine treatment in the dose studied.
Statistics in MedicineSelection bias in observational and experimental studies
179 Citations1994Jonas H. Ellenberg
It is the intent of this paper to present examples of selection bias in a variety of areas which have resulted in misleading or entirely incorrect results to help make research scientifically 'politically incorrect' to the degree that the scientific community 'just says no' to such studies.
Revista Española de Salud PúblicaImproving the quality of reporting of randomized controlled trials. The CONSORT statement
176 Citations1998Colin B. Begg, Mildred K. Cho +9 more
This summary describes the Consolidated Standards for Preparation of Controlled Clinical Trials, prepared by a work group made up of members of the SORT Group and of the Asilomar Work Group, along with the director of a magazine and the author of the report on a clinical trial.
The LancetVariation in outcome after acute upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage
164 Citations1995Tim Rockall, Hugh Devlin +2 more
The effect of risk standardisation on hospital mortality after acute upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage varies widely and simple league tables of crude mortality are misleading and cannot be regarded as a reflection of the quality of health care.
Journal of Clinical OncologySelection bias in clinical trials.
150 Citations1985Karen H. Antman, Dante Amato +8 more
In this study, the randomized and nonrandomized series yielded differing conclusions regarding treatment efficacy, even when an adjustment was made for known prognostic facts.
Statistics in MedicineHow study design affects outcomes in comparisons of therapy. II: Surgical
142 Citations1989James N. Miller, Graham A. Colditz +1 more
The results of 221 comparisons of an innovation with a standard treatment in surgery published in six leading surgery journals in 1983 were analysed to relate features of study design to the magnitude of gain and to consider adjustment of the gain according to the study type.
Controlled Clinical TrialsPatient compliance and the conduct and interpretation of therapeutic trials
141 Citations1987R. Brian Haynes, Renato B. Dantes
The proper management of compliance in therapeutic trials depends in part on the objectives of the trial and efforts should be made to balance the numbers of low compliers across the treatment groups, compliance should be monitored, and compliance improving strategies should be employed.
Surgical NeurologyThe extracranial-intracranial bypass study
141 Citations1986Arthur L. Day, Albert L. Rhoton +1 more
It is concluded that EC-IC bypass is not effective in decreasing the rate of stroke and stroke-related death in patients with symptomatic disease of the internal carotid (ICA) and middle cerebral (MCA) arteries.
Journal of Health Services Research & PolicyPatient Preferences in Randomised Trials: Threat or Opportunity?
140 Citations1996David Torgerson, Jennifer Klaber-Moffett +1 more
It is sometimes feasible to randomise patients to their less preferred treatment, thus allowing more robust statistical comparisons between randomised groups, and may make RCTs more rigorous and improve their external validity.
PubMedSelection factors in clinical trials: results from the Community Clinical Oncology Program Physician's Patient Log.
132 Citations1987Hunter Cp, Frelick Rw +8 more
Age was a major factor influencing eligibility and entry on study, and a physician's preference for an alternate treatment and patient refusal for protocol treatment were important reasons that clinically eligible patients were not registered on protocol.
New England Journal of MedicineInclusion of Women in Clinical Trials -- Policies for Population Subgroups
129 Citations1993J. Claude Bennett
Congress has proposed that the National Institutes of Health ensure that all federally funded clinical research include a valid analysis to determine whether the intervention under study affects women or members of minority groups differently from other subgroups.
Statistics in MedicineSelection of patients for randomized controlled trials: Implications of wide or narrow eligibility criteria
122 Citations1990Salim Yusuf, Peter Held +2 more
Although a number of different and often competing issues have to be considered depending upon the trial, keeping entry criteria simple, wide and at times even flexible is usually preferable.
BMJSociodemographic and motivational characteristics of parents who volunteer their children for clinical research: a controlled study.
122 Citations1990S. C. HARTH, Y.H. Thong
Volunteering parents had less social support, and they displayed greater health seeking behaviour and consumed more habit forming substances.
PubMedTherapy impact on functional outcome in a controlled trial of stroke rehabilitation.
120 Citations1982Moira Smith, W M Garraway +2 more
In a randomized controlled trial of management of acute stroke in the elderly, a higher proportion of patients were assessed as independent in self-care in a stroke unit compared with patients with similar levels of neurologic impairment treated in medical units.
Statistics in MedicineA two‐stage trial design for testing treatment, self‐selection and treatment preference effects
116 Citations1989Gerta Rücker
A linear model is presented to estimate treatment effects from those resulting from choosing treatment and effects of suggestion by receiving the preferred treatment separately along with test statistics which are approximately normally distributed.
New England Journal of MedicineBreast Cancer Therapy: Exercising All Our Options
113 Citations1989Vincent T. DeVita
This issue of the Journal contains four articles important to the 70,000 women in the United States in whom node-negative breast cancer develops each year.
Fertility and SterilityA meta-analysis of the therapeutic role of oil soluble contrast media at hysterosalpingography: a surprising result?
111 Citations1994Andrew Watson, Patrick Vandekerckhove +4 more
Journal of the Royal Society of MedicineAre Randomized Controlled Trials Controlled? Patient Preferences and Unblind Trials
100 Citations1997Klim McPherson, Annie Britton +1 more
New England Journal of MedicineAre the Results of the Extracranial–Intracranial Bypass Trial Generalizable?
100 Citations1987Henry J.M. Barnett, David L. Sackett +6 more
The dramatic results of the EC–IC bypass trial have stimulated the vigorous discussion and debate that are essential to the pursuit of truth and the advancement of usefu...
Journal of the American College of CardiologyCalcium antagonists and mortality in patients with coronary artery disease: A Cohort study of 11,575 patients
94 Citations1996Shimon Braun, Bezafibrate Infarction Prevention Study Participants +10 more
The current analysis does not support the claim that calcium antagonist therapy in patients with chronic coronary artery disease, whether myocardial infarction survivors or others harbors an increased risk of mortality.
BMJEffect of correcting outcome data for case mix: an example from stroke medicine
94 Citations1996R. J Davenport, Martin Dennis +1 more
Variations in case mix have a crucial influence on the interpretation of outcome data, and this is particularly important in non-randomised comparative studies, which are likely to become increasingly common in the new reformed NHS.
JAMAAssessing the quality of randomization from reports of controlled trials published in obstetrics and gynecology journals
92 Citations1994Kenneth F. Schulz
The American Journal of CardiologyComparison of risk and patterns of practice in patients older and younger than 70 years with acute myocardial infarction in a two-year period (1987–1989)
87 Citations1991Terrence J. Montague, Roland M. Ikuta +4 more
The very high mortality and less aggressive management of elderly patients with AMI confirm similar data from the 1987 AMI patient cohort and other recently reported AMi patient outcome analyses, however, it remains uncertain why older patients withAMI are investigated and treated differently from younger patients.
PubMedPersistently low natural killer cell activity, age, and environmental stress as predictors of infectious morbidity.
78 Citations1991Sandra M. Levy, Ronald B. Herberman +5 more
The results supported the hypothesis that individuals who were currently healthy, but who exhibited a pattern of natural immunity characterized by persistently low NK cytotoxicity would be at risk for development of infectious sequelae over a 6-month follow-up period, and showed that younger age and the perception of more severe 'hassles' or stressors also predicted more infectious morbidity during the 6- month study period.
PubMedA systematic review of the effectiveness and safety of laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
74 Citations1996Adam L. Widdison
CancerFactors related to enrollment in the breast cancer prevention trial at a comprehensive cancer center during the first year of recruitment
69 Citations1995Anita Y. Kinney, Sally W. Vernon +4 more
Using an a priori theoretic model of behavior change, factors predicting enrollment in a randomized chemoprevention trial during the first year of recruitment were assessed prospectively.
VaccineSafety, immunogenicity and protective effect of the SPf66 malaria synthetic vaccine against Plasmodium falciparum infection in a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled field trial in an endemic area of Ecuador
69 Citations1994Fernando Sempértegui, Bertha Estrella +11 more
The prevaccination prevalence of antibodies measured by indirect immunofluorescence assay increased with age and seemed to be inversely related to anti-SPf66 antibody production, and immune response to SPf66 was independent of age.
CancerPhysiologic and psychobehavioral research in oncology
65 Citations1991William H. Redd, Peter M. Silberfarb +13 more
This discussion reviews the current status and future directions of research in psychosocial oncology, including pain, nausea and vomiting with chemotherapy, sexuality, effects of cancer on psychologic and neuropsychologic function, impact of psychologic factors on cancer and its treatment, and psychoneuroimmunology.
Statistics in MedicineImportance of trends in the interpretation of an overall odds ratio in the meta‐analysis of clinical trials
65 Citations1992R. Brand, H. Kragt
It is proposed that those reporting a meta-analysis state in advance a (limited) number of variables to be considered for potential interaction with the exposure (risk factor or treatment) of interest to avoid misleading results.
StrokeStroke unit care--who benefits? Comparisons with general medical care in relation to prognostic indicators on admission.
63 Citations1986T Strand, Kjell Asplund +4 more
It is concluded that care in a stroke unit benefits the great majority of stroke patients and that such a unit should be designed to admit all acute stroke patients without selection.
Journal of Clinical OncologyEligibility and extrapolation in cancer clinical trials.
54 Citations1987ColinB Begg, P Engstrom
Archives of Internal MedicineReporting of Age Data in Clinical Trials of Arthritis
53 Citations1993Paula A. Rochon
It is demonstrated that older people, who represent a high proportion of the population treated with NSAIDs in practice, are generally omitted from drug trials.
Journal of General Internal MedicineChanges in study design, gender issues, and other characteristics of clinical research published in three major medical journals from 1971 to 1991
52 Citations1995Mary McGrae McDermott, F. Lefèvre +5 more
The hypothesis that exclusion of women from clinical research studies is an important contributor to the paucity of data concerning women’s health is supported.
The American Journal of CardiologyMortality after coronary angioplasty and coronary artery bypass surgery (the national Medicare experience)
52 Citations1992Arthur J. Hartz, Evelyn M. Kuhn +5 more
Results suggest that low-risk patients have better survival with angioplasty because of lower short-term mortality, compared with bypass surgery, which is thought to be due to a combination of factors.
CancerAccrual of radiotherapy patients to clinical trials
52 Citations1983Jeannette Y. Lee, Sherry Breaux
In 1979, 64 clinical trials were open to patient accrual in the Division of Radiation Oncology, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, St. Louis, Missouri, and 124 patients were eligible for one of the protocols, of whom 124 were successfully recruited.
CancerCooperative groups and community hospitals. Measurement of impact in the community hospitals
50 Citations1983Colin B. Begg, Marvin Zelen +8 more
Assessment of a community cancer control program in Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group demonstrated that 16% of patients surveyed in the affiliated community hospitals were being treated on a research protocol, with a clear relationship between disease stage and age in breast cancer patients.
The American Journal of CardiologyBypass Angioplasty Revascularization Investigation (BARI): Baseline Clinical and Angiographic Data
49 Citations1995W. Todd Rogers
American Heart JournalAssessment of the efficacy and safety of antiarrhythmic therapy for chronic atrial fibrillation: Observations on the role of trial design and implications of drug-related mortality
48 Citations1992Sharon C. Reimold, Thomas C. Chalmers +2 more
Compared to findings in the randomized control trials, the magnitude of the treatment benefit in nonrandomized trials was smaller and declined markedly over time, and the percentage of patients remaining in sinus rhythm in the uncontrolled trials was intermediate to the percentages in the other two trial designs.
American Heart JournalCombination of calcium channel blocker and thrombolytic therapy in acute myocardial infarction
47 Citations1988Raimund Erbel, T. Pop +8 more
It is demonstrated that even very early administration of nifedipine combined with intracoronary administration does not enhance the salvage of ischemic myocardium achieved by reperfusion.
Journal of Medical EthicsOffering patients entry in clinical trials: preliminary study of the views of prospective participants.
45 Citations1996F Corbett, Jackie Oldham +1 more
The results offer some support for the idea that "economy with truth" is less unsettling than a frank description of the stark reality of what randomisation means, especially if the process of randomisation is described explicitly.
BMJWhat is the prior probability of a proposed new treatment being superior to established treatments?
44 Citations1997Iain Chalmers
Archives of Internal MedicineA Comparison of the Study Populations in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial and the Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy
42 Citations1995Ronald Klein
The demographic similarities between the DCCT and WESDR cohorts, the similar rates of progression of retinopathy in conventionally treated patients, and the similar associations between the HbA1c levels and progression of retention support the validity of generalizing the D CCT results to patients with IDDM in the general population.
Controlled Clinical TrialsImpact of random assignment on study outcome: An empirical examination
40 Citations1992Kenneth J. Ottenbacher
The argument is made that various design attributes frequently associated with methodological quality should be considered as important moderator variables and their influence on trial outcome should not be assumed a priori but rather examined empirically.
European Heart JournalEffect of early treatment with nifedipine in suspected acute myocardial infarction
38 Citations1986J. P. Branagan, Kevin Walsh +4 more
Early treatment with nifedipine did not reduce enzymatically determined infarct size or one month mortality in patients with AMI, or reduce one month morbidity or mortality in Patients with ACI.
Journal of the American Geriatrics SocietyFactors Affecting Sample Selection in a Randomized Trial of Balance Enhancement: The FICSIT Study
37 Citations1996James T Pacala, James O. Judge +1 more
To determine demographic, functional, and health‐related factors that may have influenced the selection of older adults for a randomized trial of balance enhancement, a large number of subjects were selected for the trial.
Archives of NeurologyComparison of Carotid Endarterectomy Outcomes From Randomized Controlled Trials and Medicare Administrative Databases
37 Citations1997George J. Stukenborg
The importance of this consideration is demonstrated by the substantially higher odds of death experienced among Medicare patients receiving the procedure who had a level of comorbidity that exceeded that of the trial participants or who received their surgery in a hospital with a perioperative mortality rate that exceeded the experience of the hospitals in the trials.
Controlled Clinical TrialsGeneralizing from clinical trials
34 Citations1994C. Davis
It is argued that several pieces of information are necessary to determine the extent of extrapolation or generalization warranted in a specific clinical trial.
The LancetResults of a breast-cancer-surgery trial compared with observational data from routine practice
33 Citations1996E Marubini, Ettore Marubini +9 more
Out-trial patients fared no worse than trial patients in terms of survival or distant metastasis after adjustment for baseline characteristics, and the results of clinical trials did not exaggerate the benefits obtainable in routine practice.
The American Journal of CardiologyHemodynamic effects of sublingual nifedipine in acute myocardial infarction
33 Citations1984Gary D. Gordon, Thomas Mabin +4 more
In patients with high initial pulmonary wedge pressures, sublingual nifedipine decreased the wedge pressure more effectively than did 80 mg of furosemide given intravenously and may be useful in patients with early myocardial infarction and left ventricular failure.
Controlled Clinical TrialsRecruiting children and their families for clinical trials: A case study
30 Citations1992William M. Vollmer, Stephanie Hertert +1 more
The recruitment of 226 families for participation in a randomized trial examining the effectiveness of alternative strategies for the management of pediatric asthma found that families of children identified through emergency room and hospital admission records were much more likely to participate in the study.
Age and AgeingHow Useful are Non-random Comparisons of Outcomes and Quality of Care in Purchasing Hospital Stroke Services?
28 Citations1995Patrick Gompertz, Pandora Pound +2 more
A comprehensive district stroke service was not associated with major differences in patient outcomes or standards of care, and service costs, particularly costs of rehabilitation services, were much lower in District 2.
HeartEffect of nifedipine on enzymatically estimated infarct size in the early phase of acute myocardial infarction.
26 Citations1988L J Walker, Gilbert MacKenzie +1 more
Treatment with nifedipine in the early phase of acute myocardial infarction seems to have no effect on enzymatically measured infarct size.
BMJEffect of non-attenders on the potential of a primary care programme to reduce cardiovascular risk in the population
25 Citations1994Gareth E. Davies, S Pyke +1 more
The intensive follow up of nonattenders resulted in real intervention opportunities in only a small number of families, which should allow for the effect of non-attendance on the overall results.
BMJPatient preferences and randomised clinical trials.
24 Citations1989Chris R. Brewin, C Brewin +17 more
The question is posed, Does morphine treatment increase the likelihood of neuroleptics causing certain involuntary movements?
BMJWhy is the outcome of transient ischaemic attacks different in different groups of patients?
23 Citations1993Graeme J. Hankey, Martin Dennis +2 more
The outcomes of each of three large cohorts of patients with transient ischaemic attacks, which were studied in the same country at much the same time with the same methods, were compared and found to be quite different from each other.
Controlled Clinical TrialsIntercept studies, clinical trials, and cluster experiments: To whom can we extrapolate?
21 Citations1994Charles D. Cowan, Janet Wittes
This paper compares intercept studies and clinical trials with particular emphasis on inference to a population for which the probabilities of being observed are unknown, unreliable, or very small.
Journal of Public HealthThe relationship between evaluative research and audit
21 Citations1992Nick Black
Recognition of the unique and interrelated roles of research and audit will be of benefit to both endeavours.
American Journal of EpidemiologyEfficacy of Measles Vaccines after Controlling for Exposure
20 Citations1993Michel Garenne, Odile Leroy +2 more
The clinical efficacy of measles vaccines was investigated in Niakhar, a rural area of Senegal under demographic surveillance in 1987-1990 using a formal randomized vaccine trial and data from national campaigns using the standard Schwarz vaccine were also analyzed.
Journal of the American Geriatrics SocietyCalcium Antagonists: Antagonists or Protagonists of Mortality in Elderly Hypertensives?
20 Citations1995Curt D. Furberg, Bruce M. Psaty
The objective of treatment of hypertension is to prevent its cardiovascular complications-stroke, acute myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure-not just to lower an elevated blood pressure.
European Journal of Cancer and Clinical OncologyReasons for non-entry of patients with DCIS of the breast into a randomised trial (EORTC 10853)
19 Citations1991I S Fentiman, Jean‐Pierre Julien +4 more
In EORTC trial 10853, patients with histologically confirmed surgical clearance of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) are being randomised to observation alone or to receive external radiation to the breast (50 Gy).
Acta Medica ScandinavicaNon‐respondents in a Post‐myocardial Infarction Trial: Characteristics and Reasons for Refusal
16 Citations1988Pål Smith, Harald Arnesen
Survey of survivors of acute myocardial infarction who refused to participate in the Warfarin Re-Infarction Study found that reasons stated for non-participation reflect poor motivation, low mobility and saturation with focusing on disease.
American Journal of HypertensionQuality-Adjusted Meta-analysis of the Hypertension/Coronary Dilemma
13 Citations1994Ingar Holme, L G Ekelund +2 more
It is concluded that if all randomized drug trials in hypertension had the same treatment efficacy, the estimated CHD prevention would be in the range of 15% and patients at higher risk levels showed better benefit than lower risk patients.
StrokeImproving stroke rehabilitation: a controlled study.
12 Citations1994B Panayiotou, W. Lawrence Beeson
Archives of Internal MedicineA comparison of the study populations in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial and the Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy
12 Citations1995Ronald Klein
Australian and New Zealand Journal of MedicineSelection of patients for randomised trials: a study based on the MACOP‐B vs CHOP in NHL study
10 Citations1994Janey M. Stone, Christine Laidlaw +2 more
Physician selectivity occurred with respect to patient entry, but trial and non-trial patients were similar in most characteristics, and the trial accrual period could have been 25% shorter.
Journal of Clinical OncologyThe eligibility of women for clinical research trials.
9 Citations1995W. Bradford Patterson, Ezekiel J. Emanuel
American Journal of Clinical OncologyAge as a criterion for eligibility in a lung cancer clinical trial
5 Citations1982Jeannette Y. Lee, James E. Marks +1 more
Age is not an unfavorable prognostic factor for patients with lung cancer and should not be used as a criterion for eligibility in a clinical trial, according to this paper.
ACC Current Journal ReviewEffect of correcting outcome data for case mix: An example from stroke medicine
3 Citations1996
…