Neural circuit regulation of prepulse inhibition of startle in the rat: current knowledge and future challenges
PsychopharmacologyPublished 22 June 2001
Neal R. Swerdlow, Mark A. Geyer, David Braff
Citations1,065
SJR quartileQ1
SJR score1.16
SNIP0.97
Generate an AI Snapshot to get a quick, structured summary of this paper.
Study Snapshot
ObjectiveStudy objective
MethodsResearch methodology
PopulationPopulation studied
Sample sizeSample sizes
OutcomesStudy outcomes here
ResultsStudy results comes here
LimitationsResearch study limitations comes here
A concise AI-generated summary of the paper will appear here once you click Generate AI Snapshot.
TL;DR
The understanding of the neural regulation of PPI has increased tremendously over the past 15 years, and progress has come in "broad strokes", but a number of important details and complex questions remain to be addressed.
Abstract
Our understanding of the neural regulation of PPI has increased tremendously over the past 15 years. Progress has come in "broad strokes", and a number of important details and complex questions remain to be addressed. It is anticipated that this is a "work in progress", and that the precise models for the neural regulation of PPI will evolve substantially in the coming years.
Keywords
Neuroscience
Archives of General PsychiatryImplications of Normal Brain Development for the Pathogenesis of Schizophrenia
3,716 Citations1987Daniel R. Weinberger
The findings suggest that nonspecific histopathology exists in the limbic system, diencephalon, and prefrontal cortex, that the pathology occurs early in development, and that the causative process is inactive long before the diagnosis is made.
ScienceMolecular Biology of Learning: Modulation of Transmitter Release
1,563 Citations1982Eric R. Kandel, James H. Schwartz
This review focuses primarily on short-term sensitization of the gill and siphon reflex in the marine mollusk, Aplysia californica, and analyses of this form of learning provide direct evidence that protein phosphorylation dependent on cyclic adenosine monophosphate can modulate synaptic action.
NeuroscienceSpecificity in the projection patterns of accumbal core and shell in the rat
1,203 Citations1991Lennart Heimer, Daniel S. Zahm +3 more
The efferent projections of the core and shell areas of the nucleus accumbens were studied with a combination of anterograde and retrograde tract-tracing methods, including Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin, horseradish peroxidase and fluorescent tracers.
New England Journal of MedicineAbnormalities of the Left Temporal Lobe and Thought Disorder in Schizophrenia
1,179 Citations1992Martha E. Shenton, Ron Kikinis +9 more
New MRI neuroimaging techniques are used to derive volume measurements and three-dimensional reconstructions of temporal-lobe structures in vivo in 15 right-handed men with chronic schizophrenia and 15 matched controls to discover the degree of thought disorder is related to the size of the reduction in volume of the left posterior superior temporal gyrus.
PsychophysiologyPrestimulus Effects on Human Startle Reflex in Normals and Schizophrenics
1,178 Citations1978David Braff, C. Stone +4 more
When 20 normal subjects were compared to 12 schizophrenic subjects, significant differences in eyeblink response were found for blink amplitude and latency in the 60 msec prestimulus condition, which is consistent with information processing “overload” theories of sensory overstimulation in schizophrenia.
Archives of General PsychiatryGating and Habituation of the Startle Reflex in Schizophrenic Patients
1,035 Citations1992David L. Braff
The results indicate that schizophrenic patients have extensive deficits in both intramodal and cross-modal sensorimotor gating and a trend to show acoustic startle habituation deficits.
New England Journal of MedicineAnatomical Abnormalities in the Brains of Monozygotic Twins Discordant for Schizophrenia
1,009 Citations1990Richard L. Suddath, George W. Christison +3 more
Journal of NeuroscienceA primary acoustic startle circuit: lesion and stimulation studies
971 Citations1982M. Davis, DS Gendelman +2 more
The data suggest that a primary acoustic startle circuit in the rat consists of auditory nerve, ventral cochlear nucleus, nuclei of the lateral lemniscus, nucleus reticularis pontis caudalis, spinal interneuron, lower motor neuron, and muscles.
Journal of NeuroscienceCharacterization of Progressive Motor Deficits in Mice Transgenic for the Human Huntington’s Disease Mutation
959 Citations1999Rebecca J. Carter, Lisa A. Lione +6 more
R6/2 mice show measurable deficits in motor behavior that begin subtly and increase progressively until death and indicate that they may be useful for evaluating therapeutic strategies for HD, particularly those aimed at reducing the severity of motor symptoms or slowing the course of the disease.
NatureA functional neuroanatomy of hallucinations in schizophrenia
911 Citations1995David Silbersweig, Emily Stern +10 more
A group study of five patients with classic auditory verbal hallucinations despite medication, demonstrating activations in subcortical nuclei (thalamic, stri-atal), limbic structures (especially hippocampus), and paralimbic regions (parahippocampal and cingulate gyri, as well as orbito-frontal cortex).
Archives of General PsychiatryDeficits in Small Interneurons in Prefrontal and Cingulate Cortices of Schizophrenic and Schizoaffective Patients
887 Citations1991Francine M. Benes
Archives of General PsychiatryBasal Ganglia and Limbic System Pathology in Schizophrenia
884 Citations1985Bernhardt Bogerts
The volume reductions of the limbic temporal structures and of the pallidum internum of schizophrenics are interpreted as degenerative shrinkages of unknown etiology.
NeuroscienceOrganization of the projections from the subiculum to the ventral striatum in the rat. A study using anterograde transport of Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin
869 Citations1987Henk J. Groenewegen, E. Vermeulen-Van der Zee +2 more
It appears that not only the entire nucleus accumbens, part of the so-called ventral striatum, receives fibres from the subiculum, but that the hippocampal projection area in the striatum includes also the most medial, ventral, rostral and caudal parts of the caudate-putamen complex.
Archives of General PsychiatryAssessing the Validity of an Animal Model of Deficient Sensorimotor Gating in Schizophrenic Patients
703 Citations1994Neal R. Swerdlow
The loss of PPI in dopamine-activated rats may be a valid animal model of sensorimotor gating deficits in schizophrenic patients and may help to understand the neurobiology of cognitive deficits in schizophrenia.
Behavioral and Brain SciencesDopamine, schizophrenia, mania, and depression: Toward a unified hypothesis of cortico-striatopallido-thalamic function
679 Citations1987Neal R. Swerdlow, George F. Koob
A neural model is described that parallels existing explanations for the etiology of several movement disorders, and may lead to testable inferences regarding the neural substrates of specific psychopathologies.
American Journal of PsychiatryEvidence of dysfunction of a prefrontal-limbic network in schizophrenia: a magnetic resonance imaging and regional cerebral blood flow study of discordant monozygotic twins
666 Citations1992D.R. Weinberger, Karen F. Berman +2 more
The more an affected twin differed from the unaffected twin in left hippocampal volume, the more they differed in prefrontal physiological activation during the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, consistent with the notion that schizophrenia involves pathology of and dysfunction within a widely distributed neocortical-limbic neural network.
Schizophrenia BulletinUsing an Animal Model of Deficient Sensorimotor Gating to Study the Pathophysiology and New Treatments of Schizophrenia
615 Citations1998Neal R. Swerdlow, Mark A. Geyer
Several different ways the loss of PPI in rats can be used as a model for studying the pathophysiology and neurobiology of impaired sensorimotor gating in schizophrenia patients and for predicting antipsychotic activity in novel compounds are described.
PsychopharmacologyDopaminergic stimulation disrupts sensorimotor gating in the rat
607 Citations1988Robert S. Mansbach, Mark A. Geyer +1 more
The Mammalian Startle Response
578 Citations1984Michael T. Davis
It would be useful to study a relatively simple behavior that can be elicited in mammals and that is sensitive to a variety of experimental treatments to approach the problem at this level.
Psychiatry Research NeuroimagingReduced temporal limbic structure volumes on magnetic resonance images in first episode schizophrenia
545 Citations1990Bernhard Bogerts, Manzar Ashtari +4 more
The results demonstrate abnormal medial temporal lobe morphology in a subgroup of patients at the onset of their illness, which might explain some of the clinical features of the disease.
Behavioural Brain ResearchThe acoustic startle response in rats—circuits mediating evocation, inhibition and potentiation
516 Citations1997Michael Koch, Hans-Ulrich Schnitzler
The ASR may be a valuable model for the study of general principles of sensorimotor-motivational information processing at the behavioral and neurophysiological level in mammals.
NeuroscienceOrganization of the output of the ventral striatopallidal system in the rat: Ventral pallidal efferents
456 Citations1993H.J. Groenewegen, Henk W. Berendse +1 more
The efferent projections of the ventral pallidum in the rat were studied using anterograde tracing of Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin and retrograde tracing of choleratoxin subunit B to determine the degree of topographical organization in the outputs of the vents.
Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & PsychiatryImpaired prepulse inhibition of acoustic and tactile startle response in patients with Huntington's disease.
451 Citations1995Neal R. Swerdlow, Jane S. Paulsen +4 more
PPI was measured in patients with Huntington's disease to quantify and characterise sensorimotor gating and are consistent with preclinical findings that identify the striatum and striatopallidal GABAergic efferent circuitry as critical substrates for sensorim motor gating of the startle reflex.
Journal of NeuroscienceNeural projections from nucleus accumbens to globus pallidus, substantia innominata, and lateral preoptic-lateral hypothalamic area: an anatomical and electrophysiological investigation in the rat
407 Citations1983GJ Mogenson, LW Swanson +1 more
The anatomical organization and electrophysiological characteristics of a projection from the nucleus accumbens to anteroventral parts of the globus pallidus and to a subpallidal region that includes the substantia innominata, the lateral preoptic area, and anterior part of the lateral hypothalamic area were investigated in the rat.
Biological PsychiatrySensorimotor gating in boys with Tourette's syndrome and ADHD: Preliminary results
404 Citations1996F. Xavier Castellanos, Edward J. Fine +4 more
These findings, together with other converging lines of evidence, suggest that deficient pallidal inhibition may be etiologically related to tic and movement disorders.
Behavioural PharmacologyAnimal models of deficient sensorimotor gating: what we know, what we think we know, and what we hope to know soon
400 Citations2000Neal R. Swerdlow, David Braff +1 more
Issues--ranging from the cross-species methods for quantifying specific variables to the relevance of genetic drift to animal and human studies of PPI--and their implications for future studies are the focus of this review.
Journal of PsychopharmacologyThe neural substrates of sensorimotor gating of the startle reflex: a review of recent findings and their implications
394 Citations1992Neal R. Swerdlow, S. Barak Caine +2 more
Sensorimotor gating of the startle reflex appears to have a discrete and identifiable set of neural substrates that may be important for the understanding of neuropsychiatric disorders characterized by deficient suppression or 'gating' of sensory, cognitive or motor processes.
PsychopharmacologyBrain stem circuits mediating prepulse inhibition of the startle reflex
391 Citations2001Markus Fendt, Liang Li +1 more
PPI is mediated by a circuit involving the IC, SC, PPTg, LDTg, SNR and PnC, and allows the execution of approach responses and perceptual processing following salient stimuli.
Current Opinion in NeurobiologySensory gating mechanisms of the thalamus
390 Citations1994David A. McCormick, Thierry Bal
In vivo investigations have revealed that the dense projection from the cerebral cortex to the thalamus may synchronize thalamocortical activity in a manner useful for sensory analysis, and suggest that oscillations and synchronization are important for both normal and abnormal function in thalamOCortical circuits.
Journal of NeuroscienceA Primary Acoustic Startle Pathway: Obligatory Role of Cochlear Root Neurons and the Nucleus Reticularis Pontis Caudalis
380 Citations1996Young-Lim Lee, Dolores E. López +2 more
A primary acoustic startle pathway may involve three synapses onto cochlear root neurons, neurons in PnC, and spinal motoneurons, providing the first direct evidence for an involvement of CRNs in startle.
American Journal of PsychiatrySymptom Correlates of Prepulse Inhibition Deficits in Male Schizophrenic Patients
368 Citations1999David Braff, Neal R. Swerdlow +1 more
Under experimental conditions, schizophrenia-linked deficits in prepulse inhibition detected with a relatively strong prepulse are correlated with both positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia.
Archives of General PsychiatryHippocampal Volume in First-Episode Psychoses and Chronic Schizophrenia
362 Citations1999Dennis Velakoulis, Christos Pantelis +10 more
The finding of smaller left hippocampal volume in patients with first-episode schizophrenia and affective psychosis does not support the prediction that smaller hippocampi are specific to schizophrenia, but the association of smaller right hippocampal volumes with increased illness duration in chronic schizophrenia suggests either that there is further neurodegeneration after illness onset or that bilateral small hippocampi predict chronicity.
PsychopharmacologyNeonatal excitotoxic hippocampal damage in rats causes post-pubertal changes in prepulse inhibition of startle and its disruption by apomorphine
357 Citations1995Barbara K. Lipska, Daniel R. Weinberger +4 more
Findings provide further evidence of postpubertal impairments that may be related to increased mesolimbic dopamine transmission and receptor sensitivity in rats with neonatal hippocampal damage, and provide further support for the fidelity of this animal model of schizophrenia.
Biological PsychiatryCentral dopamine hyperactivity in rats mimics abnormal acoustic startle response in schizophrenics
341 Citations1986Neal R. Swerdlow, David Braff +2 more
The results suggest that there are intriguing parallels between the aberrant sensory gating of the ASR demonstrated by schizophrenics and that demonstrated by rats during stimulation of supersensitive brain dopamine receptors.
American Journal of PsychiatryInformation-processing deficits and thought disorder in schizophrenia
310 Citations1994W. Perry, David Braff
Findings lend support to the hypothesis that information-processing failures are associated with cognitive fragmentation and thought disorder and allow us to hypothesize that impairments in part of the cortical-striatal-pallidal-thalamic circuit may lead to thought disorder, as well as prepulse inhibition deficits.
American Journal of PsychiatryImpaired startle prepulse inhibition and habituation in patients with schizotypal personality disorder
308 Citations1993Kristin S. Cadenhead, Mark A. Geyer +1 more
It is suggested that subjects with schizotypal personality disorder perceive the prepulse stimuli but still demonstrate deficient sensorimotor gating of amplitude, which supports the importance of startle prepulse inhibition and startle habituation as biological markers for schizophrenia spectrum disorders.
Brain ResearchPrefrontal cortical dopamine depletion enhances the responsiveness of mesolimbic dopamine neurons to stress
304 Citations1990Ariel Y. Deutch, William Clark +1 more
The results suggest that disruption of the PFCDA innervation results in an enhanced responsiveness of the mesolimbic DA innervation to stress, which may help explain the stress-elicited exacerbation of the psychotic process in schizophrenia.
Experimental Brain ResearchCholinergic neurons in the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus are involved in the mediation of prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle response in the rat
273 Citations1993Michael Koch, M Kungel +1 more
The present data indicate that the pathway mediating PPI impinges upon the primary acoustic startle circuit through an inhibitory cholinergic projection from the PPTg to the PnC.
Journal of NeuroscienceChronic 3-Nitropropionic Acid Treatment in Baboons Replicates the Cognitive and Motor Deficits of Huntington’s Disease
262 Citations1996Stéphane Palfi, Robert J. Ferrante +6 more
It is demonstrated that chronic 3NP treatment replicates in primates the basic pathophysiological triad of HD, including spontaneous abnormal movements, progressive striatal degeneration, and a frontostriatal syndrome of cognitive impairment.
Pharmacology Biochemistry and BehaviorThe neural substrates for the motor-activating properties of psychostimulants: A review of recent findings
260 Citations1986Neal R. Swerdlow, Franco J. Vaccarino +2 more
The findings suggest the presence of at least two separate neural systems capable of mediating behavioral activation, including caffeine and the neuropeptide, corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) appear to be independent of this circuitry.
Biological PsychiatryThalamic and amygdala–hippocampal volume reductions in first-degree relatives of patients with schizophrenia: an MRI-based morphometric analysis
251 Citations1999Larry J. Seidman, Stephen V. Faraone +9 more
Results support the hypothesis that core components of the vulnerability to schizophrenia include structural abnormalities in the thalamus and amygdala-hippocampus, and require further work to determine if the abnormalities are an expression of the genetic liability to schizophrenia.
The Journal of the Acoustical Society of AmericaAcoustic and Temporal Factors in the Evocation of Startle
251 Citations1968Howard S. Hoffman, John L. Searle
Although a relatively weak signal could inhibit the reaction to a subsequently presented intense signal, the effect was independent of the frequency characteristics of either signal.
PsychopharmacologySchizophrenic-like sensorimotor gating abnormalities in rats following dopamine infusion into the nucleus accumbens
246 Citations1990Neal R. Swerdlow, David Braff +2 more
These findings strongly suggest that increased mesolimbic dopamine activity is one substrate of the sensorimotor gating deficits in rats that are caused by treatment with dopamine agonists; similar substrates might mediate deficits in PPI exhibited by schizophrenic patients.
Archives of General PsychiatryInhibitory Gating of an Evoked Response to Repeated Auditory Stimuli in Schizophrenic and Normal Subjects
242 Citations1996Robert Freedman
The normal inhibition of response to repeated auditory stimuli seems to be compromised in schizophrenia, and this loss of inhibitory gating could reflect a physiological deficit of hippocampal interneurons that is consonant with other evidence for interneuron pathologic defects in schizophrenia.
Archives of General PsychiatryHippocampal Pyramidal Cell Disarray in Schizophrenia as a Bilateral Phenomenon
238 Citations1991Andrew Conrad
The results of this study indicate that schizophrenia-related structural changes involve the right hemisphere as well, indicating that schizophrenia may be a bilateral rather than unilateral disorder.
Behavioral NeurosciencePrepulse inhibition of acoustic startle in rats after lesions of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus.
216 Citations1993Neal R. Swerdlow, Mark A. Geyer
Brain ResearchGABAergic projection from nucleus accumbers to ventral pallidum mediates dopamine-induced sensorimotor gating deficits of acoustic startle in rats
204 Citations1990Neal R. Swerdlow, David Braff +1 more
Findings strongly suggest that the accumbens-ventral pallidal GABAergic circuitry is a substrate for the decrease in sensorimotor gating induced by mesolimbic DA overactivity.
NeurosciencePrepulse inhibition and latent inhibition: the role of dopamine in the medial prefrontal cortex
195 Citations1996Bart Ellenbroek, S Budde +1 more
Results show that the local application of the selective antagonist of the dopamine D1-like receptor family into the medial prefrontal cortex dose-dependently reduced prepulse inhibition and latent inhibition are shown to be different, indicating that the neuronal substrates of latent inhibition andprepulse inhibition are clearly different.
Behavioral and Neural BiologyA study of the contribution of hippocampal—accumbens—subpallidal projections to locomotor activity
195 Citations1984Gordon J. Mogenson, Mark A. Nielsen
Locomotor activity recorded in an automated open-field apparatus was increased substantially by unilateral injections of carbachol into the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus and neural pathways fom hippocampus to accumbens to subpallidal region may contribute to locomotor activity.
Biological PsychiatryEvidence for altered trisynaptic circuitry in schizophrenic hippocampus
168 Citations1999Francine M. Beneš
Findings are consistent with reports of abnormal oscillatory rhythms and increased basal metabolic activity in the HIPP of patients with SZ, and the fact that patients with manic depression also show a decrease of NPs in CA2 suggests that changes in the GABA system may not be related to a susceptibility gene for SZ.
PubMedMultiple limbic regions mediate the disruption of prepulse inhibition produced in rats by the noncompetitive NMDA antagonist dizocilpine.
165 Citations1998Vaishali P. Bakshi, M A Geyer
Journal of NeuroscienceToward Understanding the Biology of a Complex Phenotype: Rat Strain and Substrain Differences in the Sensorimotor Gating-Disruptive Effects of Dopamine Agonists
163 Citations2000Neal R. Swerdlow, Zoe Allen Martinez +6 more
These findings demonstrate robust, innate, neurochemically specific, and apparently heritable phenotypic differences in an animal model of sensorimotor gating deficits in human neuropsychiatric disorders.
Journal of Comparative and Physiological PsychologyPlasticity of the acoustic startle response in the acutely decerebrate rat.
160 Citations1977Michael Davis, Phillip M. Gendelman
The transection procedure can be used to evaluate various hypotheses about underlying mechanisms of startle plasticity and the effect on habituation was particularly convincing since the curves of the transected and nontransected rats actually crossed.
PsychopharmacologyRegionally selective effects of intracerebral dopamine infusion on sensorimotor gating of the startle reflex in rats
155 Citations1992Neal R. Swerdlow, S. Barak Caine +1 more
It is suggested that DA overactivity in the both NAC and anteromedial striatum contribute to the gating-disruptive effects of systemically administered DA agonists, and that mesocortical, mesoamygdaloid and “non-limbic” mesostriatal DA systems are not major substrates for a DAergic modulation of PPI.
Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental TherapeuticsSeroquel restores sensorimotor gating in phencyclidine-treated rats.
155 Citations1996Neal R. Swerdlow, Vaishali P. Bakshi +1 more
In the present studies, seroquel exhibited a profile consistent with those exhibited by other "atypical" antipsychotics, and risperidone and haloperidol restored PPI in apomorphine-treated rats.
PubMedA D2 dopamine receptor agonist disrupts sensorimotor gating in rats. Implications for dopaminergic abnormalities in schizophrenia.
137 Citations1990Rick Y. Peng, Robert S. Mansbach +2 more
It is confirmed that a disruption of sensorimotor gating results from D2 dopaminergic stimulation in the rat and the applicability of this animal model for the similar behavioral deficits exhibited by schizophrenic patients is extended.
Pharmacology Biochemistry and BehaviorNucleus accumbens NMDA antagonist decreases locomotor activity produced by cocaine, heroin or accumbens dopamine, but not caffeine
132 Citations1991Luigi Pulvirenti, Neal R. Swerdlow +1 more
Results suggest that NAC glutamate modulates psychomotor stimulation at the level of the NAC through an interaction with the integrated output of this region.
PsychopharmacologyRole of dopamine in prepulse inhibition of acoustic startle
128 Citations2000Jian Zhang, C. Forkstam +2 more
It is concluded that DA neurotransmission is involved in the modulation of prepulse inhibition and that the ventral part of the mesostriatal DA system may serve an important role in this modulation.
European Journal of NeuroscienceDeficient Sensorimotor Gating After 6‐Hydroxydopamine Lesion of the Rat medial Prefrontal Cortex is Reversed by Haloperidol
128 Citations1994Michael Koch, Michael Bubser
The haloperidol‐induced antagonism of the deficit in prepulse inhibition observed in 6‐OHDADMI rats is compatible with the view that prefrontal dopamine depletion led to overactivity of subcortical dopamine systems involved in prep Pulse inhibition.
Biological PsychiatryPrepulse inhibition of startle and the neurobiology of primary nocturnal enuresis
126 Citations1999Edward M Ornitz, ANDREW T. RUSSELL +5 more
A common deficiency of inhibitory signal processing in the brain stem may underlie both deficient PPI and the inability to inhibit micturition in PNE.
Neurobiology of Learning and MemoryInfluence of Separate and Combined Septal and Amygdala Lesions on Memory, Acoustic Startle, Anxiety, and Locomotor Activity in Rats
125 Citations1995Michael Decker, Peter Curzon +1 more
There are dissociations between the effects of septal and fimbria-fornix lesions and that the interactions between the amygdala and septum in cognitive and emotional processes are task dependent.
Brain ResearchSensorimotor gating in rats is regulated by different dopamine-glutamate interactions in the nucleus accumbens core and shell subregions
124 Citations1996Fang‐Jung Wan, Neal R. Swerdlow
Striking differences are suggested between the NAC core and shell subregions in their neurochemical modulation of sensorimotor gating of acoustic startle in the rat.
Biological PsychiatryLimbic/mesolimbic connections and the pathogenesis of schizophrenia
121 Citations1991John G. Csernansky, Greer M. Murphy +1 more
The development of models of the pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric diseases that build on recent advances in chemical neuroanatomy will help to guide future research.
PsychopharmacologyOxytocin modulates psychotomimetic-induced deficits in sensorimotor gating
119 Citations1999David Feifel, Tammi L. Reza
The results suggest that oxytocin may play an important role in the modulation of dopaminergic and glutamatergic regulation of PPI, and that it may act as a novel endogenous antipsychotic.
Brain ResearchDOI disrupts prepulse inhibition of startle in rats via 5-HT2A receptors in the ventral pallidum
117 Citations1997T. E. Sipes, Mark A. Geyer
It is concluded that 5-HT2A receptors within the VP are important for the modulation of PPI, presumably through interactions at intrinsic GABAergic or cholinergic interneurons.
Pharmacology Biochemistry and BehaviorHippocampal modulation of acoustic startle and prepulse inhibition in the rat
117 Citations1992S. Barak Caine, Mark A. Geyer +1 more
The results demonstrate the regional heterogeneity and pharmacological specificity of the hippocampal cholinergic modulation of acoustic startle and PPI and suggest that abnormalities within various regions of the hippocampus may contribute to deficient sensorimotor gating in schizophrenic patients.
Psychiatry Research NeuroimagingThe brain stem reticular formation in schizophrenia
111 Citations1991Craig N. Karson, Edgar García‐Rill +4 more
In schizophrenic patients, there were increased numbers of neurons in the PPN labeled by NADPH-diaphorase and reduced cell size in the LC, which suggests that some of the deficits observed may be based on faulty neurodevelopment.
NeuroscienceThe basolateral amygdala regulates sensorimotor gating of acoustic startle in the rat
111 Citations1996F.J. Wan, Neal R. Swerdlow
The results of the present study suggest that the basolateral amygdala regulates sensorimotor gating by mechanisms that are independent of central dopamine hyperactivity.
PsychopharmacologyPresynaptic dopamine-glutamate interactions in the nucleus accumbens regulate sensorimotor gating
111 Citations1995Fang Wan, Mark A. Geyer +1 more
The parsimonious interpretation of these data is that non-NMDA glutamate receptors in the NAC facilitate presynaptic DA function, and that this DA-glutamate interaction is a critical regulatory substrate of sensorimotor gating.
PsychopharmacologyIntra-accumbens infusion of quinpirole impairs sensorimotor gating of acoustic startle in rats
109 Citations1993F.J. Wan, Neal R. Swerdlow
The notion that the reduction of PPI after systemic administration of DA agonists is mediated via stimulation of NAC D2 receptors is supported.
Experimental NeurologyMesencephalic and pontine afferent fiber system to the facial nucleus in the cat: A study using the horseradish peroxidase and silver impregnation techniques
104 Citations1979Yoshiki Takeuchi, Katsuma Nakano +4 more
Some neurons in the ventral part of the nucleus pontis centralis oralis were found to send fibers to the facial nucleus bilaterally with a predominance of the contralateral distribution.
Brain ResearchParadoxical reinforcing properties of apomorphine: Effects of nucleus accumbens and area postrema lesions
101 Citations1983Derek van der Kooy, Neal R. Swerdlow +1 more
The results suggest that both the positive reinforcing and locomotor effects of apomorphine may partially result from activation of post-synaptic dopamine receptors in the nucleus accumbens, and may provide the first step in attempts to pinpoint the different brain sites of action where apomorphicine produces its opposite motivational effects.
Behavioral NeurosciencePrepulse inhibition in the rat is regulated by ventral and caudodorsal striato-pallidal circuitry.
100 Citations1995M. Kodsi, Neal R. Swerdlow
PPI in the rat seems to be modulated by both ventral and caudodorsal striato-pallidal circuitry, but not by rostrodorsal or middorsal Striato-Pallidal projections.
Behavioral NeuroscienceEffects of isolation rearing on startle reactivity, habituation, and prepulse inhibition in male Lewis, Sprague-Dawley, and Fischer F344 rats.
99 Citations1998Geoffrey B. Varty, Mark A. Geyer
PPI in Lewis rats is relatively unaffected by either a pharmacological or a developmental manipulation, both of which disrupt PPI in Sprague-Dawley and Fischer F344 rats.
Electroencephalography and Clinical NeurophysiologyAcoustic jaw reflex in man: Its relationship to other brain-stem and microreflexes
99 Citations1974K. Meier‐Ewert, Ken Gleitsmann +1 more
A brain-stem reflex elicited by acoustic stimuli in voluntarily activated head muscles which occurs regularly in the muscles of the jaw is called the acoustic jaw reflex, and is similar to or identical with that of the electrically provoked linguo-mandibular reflex.
PsychopharmacologyCarbachol infusion into the dentate gyrus disrupts sensorimotor gating of startle in the rat
97 Citations1991S. Barak Caine, Mark A. Geyer +1 more
It is demonstrated that pharmacologic stimulation of the hippocampus disrupts sensorimotor gating in the rat by a mechanism distinct from that of DA agonists.
Brain Behavior and EvolutionBrain Stem Projections to the Facial Nucleus of the Rat
96 Citations2008C.F.L. Hinrichsen, Carol D. Watson
Horseradish peroxidase was injected into the medial and lateral columns of the facial nucleus of the rat and cells were labelled by retrograde transport in the ipsilateral spinal trigeminal nucleus (caudalis) and parabrachial nuclei ipsilaterally and the Darkschewitch and red nuclei contralaterally.
Schizophrenia BulletinLimbic-Cortical Neuronal Damage and the Pathophysiology of Schizophrenia
95 Citations1998John G. Csernansky, Mark E. Bardgett
A plausible pathophysiology of schizophrenia is suggested, in that schizophrenic symptoms may be caused by an abnormal dopaminergic state brought about by a primary limbic-cortical lesion and deficits in glutamatergic inputs to the ventral striatum.
Brain ResearchReduced synaptophysin immunoreactivity in the dentate gyrus of prepulse inhibition-impaired isolation-reared rats
90 Citations1999Geoffrey B. Varty, C.A. Marsden +1 more
Preliminary studies extend the characterisation of isolation rearing of rat pups from weaning as a model for the investigation of neurodevelopmental diseases such as schizophrenia.
NeuropsychopharmacologyDiscrepant Findings of Clozapine Effects on Prepulse Inhibition of Startle: Is It the Route or the Rat?
87 Citations1998Neal R. Swerdlow
Studies examined methodological differences that might account for discrepant reports related to the ability of clozapine to restore prepulse inhibition (PPI) of acoustic startle in apomorphine (APO)-treated rats to find patterns of drug responses in this model that are optimal for examining profiles of putative atypical antipsychotics.
Behavioural PharmacologySpatial and associative learning deficits induced by neonatal excitotoxic hippocampal damage in rats: further evaluation of an animal model of schizophrenia
85 Citations2000Gwenaëlle Le Pen, Andrew J. Grottick +4 more
This neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia seems to exhibit an interesting degree of validity in possibly simulating some cognitive impairments and sensorimotor gating deficits frequently observed in psychotic patients.
PsychopharmacologyDifferential effects of apomorphine on prepulse inhibition of acoustic startle reflex in two rat strains
85 Citations1990Greg C. Rigdon
The effects of apomorphine on PPI of the acoustic startle reflex in male rats of Wistar and CD strains were compared under identical test conditions and choice of rat strain is an important factor in the design of experiments studying apomorphicine effects on P PI.
Brain Research BulletinRegulation of Prepulse Inhibition by Ventral Pallidal Projections
85 Citations1997M. Kodsi, Neal R. Swerdlow
Ventral pallidal projections to the PPTg and to the MD thus appear to regulate PPI, possibly via a GABAergic mechanism.
Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental TherapeuticsNovel Antipsychotic-Like Effects on Prepulse Inhibition of Startle Produced by a Neurotensin Agonist
84 Citations1999David Feifel, Tammi L. Reza +2 more
It is suggested that PD149163 has novel antipsychotic-like properties that are distinct from known members of both the "typical" and "atypical" families of antipsychotics.
Journal of NeuroscienceRat Strain Differences in the Ability to Disrupt Sensorimotor Gating Are Limited to the Dopaminergic System, Specific to Prepulse Inhibition, and Unrelated to Changes in Startle Amplitude or Nucleus Accumbens Dopamine Receptor Sensitivity
82 Citations1999Gene G. Kinney, Lynn O. Wilkinson +2 more
The effects of apomorphine, amphetamine, 8-OH-DPAT, and PCP on PPI in the Sprague Dawley and Wistar rat strains suggest a dissociation between the effects of DA receptor agonists in PPI and other behavioral models ofDA receptor activation.
NeuropsychopharmacologyDo ? Interactions Regulate Prepulse Inhibition in Rats?
79 Citations1996W Fang-Jung
Brain ResearchQuinolinic acid lesions of the ventral striatum reduce sensorimotor gating of acoustic startle in rats
78 Citations1994M. Kodsi, Neal R. Swerdlow
Infusion of the GABA agonist muscimol into ventral striatal terminal fields in the ventral pallidum significantly restored PPI in VS-lesioned rats, but did not reverse lesion effects on startle amplitude.
PsychopharmacologyPicrotoxin in the medial prefrontal cortex impairs sensorimotor gating in rats: reversal by haloperidol
78 Citations1999Kirsten Japha, Michael Koch
The findings of this study indicate that acute blockade of GABA receptors in the mPFC impairs sensorimotor gating in a dopamine-dependent manner.
Physiology & BehaviorPrepulse inhibition following lesions of the inferior colliculus: prepulse intensity functions
78 Citations1998Liang Li, Lawrence M Korngut +2 more
The data suggest that the IC is an important structure in the neural circuit mediating acoustic PPI, and rats with unilateral IC lesions made with ibotenic acid had significantly lower PPI but did not display any increase in startle magnitude.
Brain ResearchBrainstem projections to the facial nucleus of the opossum. A study using axonal transport techniques
77 Citations1983W. Michael Panneton, George F. Martin
The horseradish peroxidase and autoradiographic techniques have been used to determine the origin and intranuclear termination of brainstem axons projecting to the facial nucleus of the opossum and to define networks which could be utilized in some oral-facial behaviors.
NeuroscienceThe effects of ibotenic acid lesions of the medial and lateral prefrontal cortex on latent inhibition, prepulse inhibition and amphetamine-induced hyperlocomotion
76 Citations2000Laurent Lacroix, Simona Spinelli +2 more
The results indicate that medial and lateral prefrontal cortex can be functionally differentiated by their involvement in the modulation of behavior requiring mesocorticolimbic dopamine activation and support the notion that prepulse inhibition may be a better model than latent inhibition of the symptoms of schizophrenia associated with dysfunctional prefrontal activity.
NeuroscienceCytotoxic lesion of the medial prefrontal cortex abolishes the partial reinforcement extinction effect, attenuates prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle reflex and induces transient hyperlocomotion, while sparing spontaneous object recognition memory in the rat
75 Citations1999B. K. Yee
The present results lend support to the hypothesis that medial prefrontal cortex dysfunction might be related to some forms of attentional abnormality central to the symptomatology of schizophrenia.
Behavioural Brain ResearchRole of the substantia nigra pars reticulata in sensorimotor gating, measured by prepulse inhibition of startle in rats
73 Citations2000Michael Koch, Markus Fendt +1 more
It is concluded that the SNR exerts a tonic GABAergic inhibition on sensorimotor behavior that is regulated by the dorsal and the ventral striatum.
The British Journal of PsychiatryReduction of the parahippocampal gyrus and the hippocampus in patients with chronic schizophrenia
72 Citations1999Kamran Razi, Kimberly P. Greene +4 more
Volumetric reduction seen in patients with chronic schizophrenia may be due to an active degenerative process occurring after the onset of illness.
Brain ResearchMesencephalic projections to the facial nucleus in the cat. An autoradiographical tracing study
72 Citations1984Gert Holstege, Joep Tan +2 more
In 33 cats the projections of different parts of the mesencephalon to the facial nucleus were studied with the aid of the autoradiographical tracing method and indicate the existence of many different mesencephalo-facial pathways.
NeuropsychopharmacologyEffects of D3/D2 Dopamine Receptor Agonists and Antagonists on Prepulse Inhibition of Acoustic Startle in the Rat
71 Citations1995S. Barak Caine, Mark A. Geyer +1 more
Pretreatment with haloperidol prevented the disruption of PPI produced by the highest dose of each agonist, consistent with previous studies suggesting that dopamine agonists may modulate PPI in the rat through the D2 subtype of dopamine receptors.
PsychopharmacologyD1 and D2 dopamine receptor antagonists reverse prepulse inhibition deficits in an animal model of schizophrenia
71 Citations1994Diane C. Hoffman, Hilary Donovan
Results indicate that selective blockade of either the D1 or D2 receptor subtype is sufficient in reversing the sensorimotor gating deficits produced by apomorphine, suggesting that endogenous DA acting at either receptor sub type plays a role in the tonic modulation of sensorim motor gating.
Pharmacology Biochemistry and BehaviorAccumbens D2 modulation of sensorimotor gating in rats: Assessing anatomical localization
70 Citations1994F.J. Wan, Mark A. Geyer +1 more
The normal reduction in acoustic startle amplitude caused by a weak prepulse (prepulse inhibition; PPI) is deficient in schizophrenic patients and in rats after systemic or intraaccumbens treatment with the D2 dopamine agonist quinpirole, and PPI was significantly reduced in a dose-dependent manner by quinPirole infusion into the medial accumbens shell region, the lateral Accumbens core region, and an intermediate central region.
NeuroreportSensorimotor gating deficit after lesions of the superior colliculus
67 Citations1994Markus Fendt, Michael Koch +1 more
A crucial role is suggested for the superior colliculus in the prepulse inhibition of the ASR, a model of sensorimotor gating, in rats.
NeuroscienceDissociative effects of apomorphine infusions into the medial prefrontal cortex of rats on latent inhibition, prepulse inhibition and amphetamine-induced locomotion
65 Citations1999Laus M. Broersen, Joram Feldon +1 more
Evidence that the medial prefrontal cortex is a component of the neural circuitry mediating prepulse inhibition but plays no role in latent inhibition is supported and dopamine receptor activation in the medial cortex of the rat produces behavioural outcomes that cannot be explained by postulating a simple reciprocal relationship between the mesocortical and mesolimbic dopamine systems.
…